Within-guild dietary discrimination from 3-D textural analysis of tooth microwear in insectivorous mammals

Resource exploitation and competition for food are important selective pressures in animal evolution. A number of recent investigations have focused on linkages between diversification, trophic morphology and diet in bats, partly because their roosting habits mean that for many bat species diet can be quantified relatively easily through faecal analysis. Dietary analysis in mammals is otherwise invasive, complicated, time consuming and expensive. Here we present evidence from insectivorous bats that analysis of three-dimensional (3-D) textures of tooth microwear using International Organization for Standardization (ISO) roughness parameters derived from sub-micron surface data provides an additional, powerful tool for investigation of trophic resource exploitation in mammals. Our approach, like scale-sensitive fractal analysis, offers considerable advantages over twodimensional (2-D) methods of microwear analysis, including improvements in robustness, repeatability and comparability of studies. Our results constitute the first analysis of microwear textures in carnivorous mammals based on ISO roughness parameters. They demonstrate that the method is capable of dietary discrimination, even between cryptic species with subtly different diets within trophic guilds, and even when sample sizes are small. We find significant differences in microwear textures between insectivore species whose diet contains different proportions of ‘hard’ prey (such as beetles) and ‘soft’ prey (such as moths), and multivariate analyses are able to distinguish between species with different diets based solely on their tooth microwear textures. Our results show that, compared with previous 2-D analyses of microwear in bats, ISO roughness parameters provide a much more sophisticated characterization of the nature of microwear surfaces and can yield more robust and subtle dietary discrimination. ISO-based textural analysis of tooth microwear thus has a useful role to play, complementing existing approaches, in trophic analysis of mammals, both extant and extinct

From lab coats to hard hats: Implementation of GMP continuous manufacturing on the road to commercial readiness

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Continuous virus filtration: An existing technology with a promising future

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Integrated Disease Investigations and Surveillance planning: a systems approach to strengthening national surveillance and detection of events of public health importance in support of the International Health Regulations

The international community continues to define common strategic themes of actions to improve global partnership and international collaborations in order to protect our populations. The International Health Regulations (IHR[2005]) offer one of these strategic themes whereby World Health Organization (WHO) Member States and global partners engaged in biosecurity, biosurveillance and public health can define commonalities and leverage their respective missions and resources to optimize interventions. The U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency’s Cooperative Biologica Engagement Program (CBEP) works with partner countries across clinical, veterinary, epidemiological, and laboratory communities to enhance national disease surveillance, detection, diagnostic, and reporting capabilities. CBEP, like many other capacity building programs, has wrestled with ways to improve partner country buy-in and ownership and to develop sustainable solutions that impact integrated disease surveillance outcomes. Designing successful implementation strategies represents a complex and challenging exercise and requires robust and transparent collaboration at the country level. To address this challenge, the Laboratory Systems Development Branch of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and CBEP have partnered to create a set of tools that brings together key leadership of the surveillance system into a deliberate system design process. This process takes into account strengths and limitations of the existing system, how the components inter-connect and relate to one another, and how they can be systematically refined within the local context. The planning tools encourage cross-disciplinary thinking, critical evaluation and analysis of existing capabilities, and discussions across organizational and departmental lines toward a shared course of action and purpose. The underlying concepts and methodology of these tools are presented here

Decelerated dinosaur skull evolution with the origin of birds

© 2020 Felice et al. The evolutionary radiation of birds has produced incredible morphological variation, including a huge range of skull form and function. Investigating how this variation arose with respect to non-avian dinosaurs is key to understanding how birds achieved their remarkable success after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Using a high-dimensional geometric morphometric approach, we quantified the shape of the skull in unprecedented detail across 354 extant and 37 extinct avian and non-avian dinosaurs. Comparative analyses reveal fundamental differences in how skull shape evolved in birds and non-avian dinosaurs. We find that the overall skull shape evolved faster in non-avian dinosaurs than in birds across all regions of the cranium. In birds, the anterior rostrum is the most rapidly evolving skull region, whereas more posterior regions—such as the parietal, squamosal, and quadrate—exhibited high rates in non-avian dinosaurs. These fast-evolving elements in dinosaurs are strongly associated with feeding biomechanics, forming the jaw joint and supporting the jaw adductor muscles. Rapid pulses of skull evolution coincide with changes to food acquisition strategies and diets, as well as the proliferation of bony skull ornaments. In contrast to the appendicular skeleton, which has been shown to evolve more rapidly in birds, avian cranial morphology is characterised by a striking deceleration in morphological evolution relative to non-avian dinosaurs. These results may be due to the reorganisation of skull structure in birds—including loss of a separate postorbital bone in adults and the emergence of new trade-offs with development and neurosensory demands. Taken together, the remarkable cranial shape diversity in birds was not a product of accelerated evolution from their non-avian relatives, despite their frequent portrayal as an icon of adaptive radiations

Highly automated bioburden-free continuous manufacturing biologics GMP operations: How to get there?

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EL virus del HIV-1 de pacientes de May Harbor de diferentes subtipos filogenéticos: las implicancias para la evolución de la pandemia HIV/SIDA

Las variantes virales aisladas de pacientes infectados con HIV a través del mundo comparten una diversidad notable, especialmente en la glicoproteína de envoltura gp120. Los estudios filogenéticos han agrupado a los aislamientos de HIV-1 en ocho subtipos (A-H). No obstante, aún dentro de una sola persona infectada, el HIV está presente como unas «cuasi-especies,» o un enjambre de variantes estrechamente conexas. Esta diversidad genética, que en el caso del HIV-1 se acumula a una tasa de aproximadamente una sustitución de nucleótido por genoma por ciclo de replicación, da al virus una flexibilidad enorme para responder a un amplio conjunto de presiones de selección in vivo. Como una consecuencia, la droga-resistencia y las mutantes inmunológica se generan rápidamente en personas infectadas mediante todas las etapas de infección. Sobre una escala global, la pandemia del HIV se reconoce como consistiendo de muchas epidemias separadas, cada una con una geografía característica, poblaciones afectadas, y tipo predominante de cepa viral. Con unos estimados 15 millones de personas infectadas, la distribución geográfica de los subtipos virales está llegando a ser más dispersa, y estas demarcaciones son además confundidas por la evidencia creciente de infecciones mixtas.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

EL virus del HIV-1 de pacientes de May Harbor de diferentes subtipos filogenéticos: las implicancias para la evolución de la pandemia HIV/SIDA

Las variantes virales aisladas de pacientes infectados con HIV a través del mundo comparten una diversidad notable, especialmente en la glicoproteína de envoltura gp120. Los estudios filogenéticos han agrupado a los aislamientos de HIV-1 en ocho subtipos (A-H). No obstante, aún dentro de una sola persona infectada, el HIV está presente como unas «cuasi-especies,» o un enjambre de variantes estrechamente conexas. Esta diversidad genética, que en el caso del HIV-1 se acumula a una tasa de aproximadamente una sustitución de nucleótido por genoma por ciclo de replicación, da al virus una flexibilidad enorme para responder a un amplio conjunto de presiones de selección in vivo. Como una consecuencia, la droga-resistencia y las mutantes inmunológica se generan rápidamente en personas infectadas mediante todas las etapas de infección. Sobre una escala global, la pandemia del HIV se reconoce como consistiendo de muchas epidemias separadas, cada una con una geografía característica, poblaciones afectadas, y tipo predominante de cepa viral. Con unos estimados 15 millones de personas infectadas, la distribución geográfica de los subtipos virales está llegando a ser más dispersa, y estas demarcaciones son además confundidas por la evidencia creciente de infecciones mixtas.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria