66 research outputs found

    Web 2.0 and Medical Physics

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    Web 2.0 is a catch phrase that describes a new way of using the internet. In Web 2.0 users are co-developers and add val-ues. Implementations and possibilities especially in the domain of medical physics in radiotherapy are listed, described and discussed. Examples are blogs, forums, mail servers, picture and encyclopaedical databases and some kind of journals. Some applications are well known, others were searched for by the search machines of Google and Yahoo. Well established are mail servers, user forums and encyclopaedias, others like blogs and journals are less common. There is still the chance for more offers

    Direct Step & Shoot: a New Module for Prostate Cancer IMRT

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    Aims & Objectives The aim of this treatment planning study is to compare the techniques of 3D conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and IMRT to determine the feasible advantages for prostate cancer patientsof using a new direct step & shoot (DSS) IMRT module. For the optimisation of the IMRT, Nucletron offers as a part of the optimising process their IM-optimisation software or their new module DSS. The earlier IM-optimisation software searches first for the ideal fluence for each beam, and this is then followed by the segmentation. The new DSS module integrates the segmentation into the optimisation process. Materials & Methods Between March 2006 and November 2006, four patients with a mean age of 71 years were enrolled for primary EBRT for localised prostate cancer. Three of these patients received antiandrogen therapy either before or during radiotherapy. All four patients had 3D CT treatment planning with a slice thickness of 5 mm and with immobilisation in a vacuum mattress (BlueBAG BodyFIX, Medical Intelligence). As an initial step, it was planned (using Oncentra MasterPlan) to deliver 60 Gy to the planning target volume (PTV), calculated using data for a Siemens Primus linear accelerator (15 MV photons, with multileaf collimator leaf width of 1cm at the isocentre). The preselected gantry angles were 25, 90, 120, 240, 270 and 335 degrees. The rectal volume and urinary bladder were delineated as organs at risk (OARs). Additional structures were also contoured in order to help (we term them ‘Help Contours’) avoid hot spots in normal tissues surrounding the PTV to a distance of 1cm. The dose-volume objectives were defined by two schemes. After optimisation the plans were re-normalised to the average of PTV, giving 30 fractions with a fractional dose of 2 Gy. The 3DCRT plan used identical gantry angles with the beams weighted by experience. Results Both IMRT optimisation schemes reduced the doses received by the OARs when compared to the 3DCRT plan. Using the Nucletron IM-optimisation software the first weighting scheme of the objectives resulted in satisfactory dose-volume histograms (DVHs) for the OARs, and an obviously 'softened' DVH for the PTV (when compared to the 3DCRT plan). The DSS optimisation produced a steeper DVH for the PTV, but worse results for the OARs when compared to the IM-optimisation. Scheme 2 improved the DVHs for the OARs using the DSS process, to about the same level as the IM-optimisation with scheme 1, the PTV DVH staying nearly unchanged. The IM-optimisation produced the worst DVH for the PTV of the five different plans we considered. In Figure 1 the DVHs are shown of a characteristic 3DCRT plan, the IM plan (Scheme 1) and the DSS plan (Scheme 2). Table 1 presents the mean values, averaged over the four patients, for the PTV and for the two OARs. Conclusions In every case the DSS optimisation resulted in a steeper DVH for the PTV than found using the IM process. The DVHs for the OARs are worse with scheme 1 but improve to about the same level with scheme 2. The patients benefit from IMRT by reduced doses to the OARs, keeping a very steep DVH for the PTV with the DSS optimisation. The user should note that weighting schemes based on the experience with IM-optimisation are not retained for the new DSS optimiation without control

    Searching standard parameters for volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) of prostate cancer

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    Background Since December 2009 a new VMAT planning system tool is available in Oncentra¼ MasterPlan v3.3 (Nucletron B.V.). The purpose of this study was to work out standard parameters for the optimization of prostate cancer. Methods For ten patients with localized prostate cancer plans for simultaneous integrated boost were optimized, varying systematically the number of arcs, collimator angle, the maximum delivery time, and the gantry spacing. Homogeneity in clinical target volume, minimum dose in planning target volume, median dose in the organs at risk, maximum dose in the posterior part of the rectum, and number of monitor units were evaluated using student’s test for statistical analysis. Measurements were performed with a 2D-array, taking the delivery time, and compared to the calculation by the gamma method. Results Plans with collimator 45° were superior to plans with collimator 0°. Single arc resulted in higher minimum dose in the planning target volume, but also higher dose values to the organs at risk, requiring less monitor units per fraction dose than dual arc. Single arc needs a higher value (per arc) for the maximum delivery time parameter than dual arc, but as only one arc is needed, the measured delivery time was shorter and stayed below 2.5 min versus 3 to 5 min. Balancing plan quality, dosimetric results and calculation time, a gantry spacing of 4° led to optimal results. Conclusion A set of parameters has been found which can be used as standard for volumetric modulated arc therapy planning of prostate cancer

    Röntgen's last will

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    Dosimetrie und Technik einer Elektronen-Halbhauttherapie

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    Beschreibung der Dosimetrie und Methode zur Hautbestrahlung des gesamten Oberkörper

    Highly cited articles in “Zeitschrift fĂŒr Medizinische Physik”

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    This editorial describes the publishing guidelines of the journal "Zeitschrift fĂŒr Medizinische Physik" and the development of its impact factors. The articles with the most number of citations in the databases of ISI Web of Scienceℱ and Scopus are listed

    The influence of radiotherapy techniques on the plan quality and on the risk of secondary tumors in patients with pituitary adenoma

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    Background This planning study compares different radiotherapy techniques for patients with pituitary adenoma, including flatness filter free mode (FFF), concerning plan quality and secondary malignancies for potentially young patients. The flatness filter has been described as main source of photon scatter. Material and methods Eleven patients with pituitary adenoma were included. An Elekta Synergy (TM) linac was used in the treatment planning system Oncentra (R) and for the measurements. 3D plans, IMRT, and VMAT plans and non-coplanar varieties were considered. The plan quality was evaluated regarding homogeneity, conformity, delivery time and dose to the organs at risk. The secondary malignancy risk was calculated from dose volume data and from measured dose to the periphery using different models for carcinoma and sarcoma risk. Results The homogeneity and conformity were nearly unchanged with and without flattening filter, neither was the delivery time found substantively different. VMAT plans were more homogenous, conformal and faster in delivery than IMRT plans. The secondary cancer risk was reduced with FFF both in the treated region and in the periphery. VMAT plans resulted in a higher secondary brain cancer risk than IMRT plans, but the risk for secondary peripheral cancer was reduced. Secondary sarcoma risk plays a minor role. No advantage was found for non-coplanar techniques. The FFF delivery times were not shortened due to additional monitor units needed and technical limitations. The risk for secondary brain cancer seems to depend on the irradiated volume. Secondary sarcoma risk is much smaller than carcinoma risk in accordance to the results of the atomic bomb survivors. The reduction of the peripheral dose and resulting secondary malignancy risk for FFF is statistically significant. However, it is negligible in comparison to the risk in the treated region. Conclusion Treatments with FFF can reduce secondary malignancy risk while retaining similar quality as with flattening filter and should be preferred. VMAT plans show the best plan quality combined with lowest peripheral secondary malignancy risk, but highest level of second brain cancer risk. Taking this into account VMAT FFF seems the most advantageous technique for the treatment of pituitary adenomas with the given equipment

    Quasi-IMAT-Technique zur Erhöhung der PlanqualitÀt mit einer einzigen Gantryrotation

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    Einleitung Die Entwicklung verschiedener IMRT-Techniken wie Tomotherapie und intensitĂ€tsmodulierter Arc-Therapie (IMAT) hat in den letzten Jahren eine Erhöhung der PlanqualitĂ€t in der Strahlentherapie ermöglicht. IMAT wurde 1995 als eine Alternative zur Tomotherapie eingefĂŒhrt. Derzeit erfolgt die klinische Anwendung der IMAT nur durch VorwĂ€rtsplanung. Allerdings sind einige theoretische AnnĂ€herungsmethoden mit inverser Planung (z.B. Direct Aperture Optimization), entwickelt worden. Quasi-IMAT ist eine step-and-shoot Methode mit inverser Planung zur Simulation einer Rotationsmethode durch Erhöhung der Felderanzahl und gleichzeitiger Verringerung der Segmentanzahl pro Feld. In dieser Arbeit wird das Potential der Methode anhand von Untersuchungen am CarPet Phantom und fĂŒnf ProstatafĂ€llen zur Erhöhung der PlanqualitĂ€t untersucht. Material und Methoden Ein qIMAT Plan (mit 36 Ă€quidistanten Feldern und 36 Segmenten) wurde mit dem Therapieplanungssystem OncentraÂźMasterPlan fĂŒr einen Siemens Primus Linearbeschleuniger mit einer Photonenenergie von 15MV erzeugt. Die Optimierung wurde mit der Option direct step-and-shoot durchgefĂŒhrt. Ein IMRT-Plan mit 6 Feldern (und 36 Segmenten) wurde als Referenz benutzt. FĂŒr die Dosisberechnung wurde der Pencil Beam Algorithmus verwendet. Drei verschiedene KonkavitĂ€tsgrade des Zielvolumens (PTV) wurden untersucht: Das Carpet Phantom (hohe KonkavitĂ€t), zwei ProstatafĂ€lle mit mittlerer KonkavitĂ€t (Prostata mit Samenblasenbeteiligung) und drei ProstatafĂ€lle mit niedriger KonkavitĂ€t (Prostata ohne Samenblasenbeteiligung). Zwei verschiedene SĂ€tze von constraints und dose-objectives wurden fĂŒr die Optimierung des Phantoms- bzw. ProstatafĂ€lle verwendet. FĂŒr die Optimierung wurden 60 Gy fĂŒr das PTV gefordert. Als Auswertungsparameter fĂŒr die QualitĂ€t der PlĂ€ne am CarPet Phantom wurden die gleichen Parameter benutzt, die in der IMRT-Studie der QUASIMODO-Gruppe veröffentlicht wurden [6]. In den ProstatafĂ€llen wurden die HomogenitĂ€t (definiert als (D5-D95)/Dave), D99 und D1 fĂŒr das PTV und D80 und D50 fĂŒr die OARs (Rectum und Blase) ausgewertet. Aufgrund der großen Felderanzahl der qIMAT-PlĂ€ne ist die Bestrahlungszeit ein wichtiger zu untersuchender Parameter. DafĂŒr wurden zwei extreme FĂ€lle (6-Felder und qIMAT36, mit 36 Segmenten) fĂŒr den Phantomfall bestrahlt. Ergebnisse Die OAR-Schonung verbessert sich deutlich bei Anwendung der qIMAT-Technik. Was das PTV betrifft, ist die HomogenitĂ€t gleich geblieben.Zwei PlĂ€ne wurden zur Untersuchung der Bestrahlungszeiten bestrahlt. Der 6-Felder-Plan (475.6 MU) ergab 9 Minuten, der qIMAT36 (464.6MU) dauerte 12 Minuten. Der Beschleuniger benutzt die Option IMMAXX, wenn ein Feld mehr als ein Segment hat. Bei dieser Option bleibt die Strahlung zwischen den Segmenten eines Feldes an, nicht jedoch zwischen zwei Feldern. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerungen Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass man mit qIMAT im Vergleich zum IMRT-Referenzplan eine bessere Schonung der Risikoorgane erreicht werden kann. Gleichzeitig bleibt die HomogenitĂ€t der Dosis im Zielvolumen unverĂ€ndert. Sowohl am CarPet Phantom als auch an den ProstatafĂ€llen ist diese Tendenz zu beobachten. Allerdings wird dieses Verhalten deutlicher, wenn der Grad der PTV-KonkavitĂ€t zunimmt. FĂ€lle mit hoher PTV-KonkavitĂ€t profitieren von dieser Methode. Die Bestrahlungszeiten der PlĂ€ne mit 6 Feldern und qIMAT36 am CarPet Phantom ergaben vergleichbare Bestrahlungszeiten, wenn man berĂŒcksichtigt, dass die Option IMMAXX den 6- Felder-Plan begĂŒnstigt, da die Strahlung zwischen den Segmenten eines Feldes nicht abgeschaltet wird. Wenn das auch fĂŒr den Fall mit 36 Feldern möglich wĂ€re, wĂŒrde sich die Bestrahlungszeit des qIMAT36 auf ca. 9 Minuten reduzieren. Der Vorteil der Quasi-IMAT-Methode ist, dass eine Verbesserung der PlanqualitĂ€t mit einem konventionellem Linearbeschleuniger und Therapieplanungssystem erreicht werden kann. Die QualitĂ€t ist bereits mit einer quasi- Rotation (36 Einstrahlrichtungen und 1Segment/Feld) besser als beim 6-Felder Plan

    Prostate IMRT Planning: Direct Step and Shoot - A New Module

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    Jeweils drei BestrahlungsplĂ€ne fĂŒr fĂŒnf Patienten mit Prostata-Karzinom werden verglichen: IMRT mit Direct-Step-and-Shoot-, bzw. IM- Optimierung und ein 3DCRT-Plan. Beide Optimierungsverfahren fĂŒhren gegenĂŒber der 3DCRT zu einer deutlich reduzierten Dosis in den Risikoorganen. Im Vergleich zur 3DCRT verlaufen die DVHs weicher, DSS deutlich steiler als IM. Die ideale Gewichtung der Objectives kann fĂŒr beide Optimierungsverfahren unterschiedlich sein.Die DSS-Optimierung erweist sich der IM-Optimierung als ĂŒberlegen und sollte bevorzugt eingesetzt werden
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