Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin induces blood brain barrier permeability via caveolae-dependent transcytosis and requires expression of MAL.

Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (ETX) is responsible for causing the economically devastating disease, enterotoxaemia, in livestock. It is well accepted that ETX causes blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, however the mechanisms involved in this process are not well understood. Using in vivo and in vitro methods, we determined that ETX causes BBB permeability in mice by increasing caveolae-dependent transcytosis in brain endothelial cells. When mice are intravenously injected with ETX, robust ETX binding is observed in the microvasculature of the central nervous system (CNS) with limited to no binding observed in the vasculature of peripheral organs, indicating that ETX specifically targets CNS endothelial cells. ETX binding to CNS microvasculature is dependent on MAL expression, as ETX binding to CNS microvasculature of MAL-deficient mice was not detected. ETX treatment also induces extravasation of molecular tracers including 376Da fluorescein salt, 60kDA serum albumin, 70kDa dextran, and 155kDA IgG. Importantly, ETX-induced BBB permeability requires expression of both MAL and caveolin-1, as mice deficient in MAL or caveolin-1 did not exhibit ETX-induced BBB permeability. Examination of primary murine brain endothelial cells revealed an increase in caveolae in ETX-treated cells, resulting in dynamin and lipid raft-dependent vacuolation without cell death. ETX-treatment also results in a rapid loss of EEA1 positive early endosomes and accumulation of large, RAB7-positive late endosomes and multivesicular bodies. Based on these results, we hypothesize that ETX binds to MAL on the apical surface of brain endothelial cells, causing recruitment of caveolin-1, triggering caveolae formation and internalization. Internalized caveolae fuse with early endosomes which traffic to late endosomes and multivesicular bodies. We believe that these multivesicular bodies fuse basally, releasing their contents into the brain parenchyma

Clima organizacional y su relación con la satisfacción laboral de las enfermeras en el servicio de emergencias del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Jesús María, 2015

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo general, determinar la relación que existe entre el clima organizacional y la satisfacción laboral de las enfermeras en el Servicio de Emergencias. Y como problema general ¿Existe relación entre el clima organizacional y la satisfacción laboral de las enfermeras en el servicio de Emergencias del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Jesús María, 2015? El tipo de investigación es no experimental, de hipotético deductivo, de tipo aplicada, diseño descriptivo correlacional con una muestra de 109 enfermeras asistenciales del servicio de emergencias de adultos, se aplicó el cuestionario de clima organizacional para la variable 1 y satisfacción laboral para la variable 2. Se utilizó el estadístico Rho de Spearman, donde se encontró la relación entre la variable clima organizacional y satisfacción laboral. Luego del análisis de los resultados existe relación significativa entre las variables: Clima organizacional y Satisfacción laboral indicándonos que existe una relación positiva y significativa, con un nivel de correlación positiva media, entonces, a mayor clima organizacional mayor será la Satisfacción laboral de las enfermeras en el Servicio de Emergencias del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Jesús María, 2015. (Con un nivel de significancia de 0,05; Rho de Spearman = 0.543 correlación positiva considerable y p valor = 0,000 < 0,05

Catalytic Ozonation as a Promising Technology for Application in Water Treatment: Advantages and Constraints

Freshwater pollution compromises drinking water in a worldwide context. Water pollution is one of the major environmental challenges facing humanity. Therefore, the application of methods to control the pollution in water is a growing research field. Among the methods, ozone has been widely applied due to its high oxidation potential. However, one disadvantage is the presence of refractory organic compounds that are partially oxidized leaving mineralization incomplete. Several approaches have been considered to improve the oxidizing power, reducing the reaction time, and increasing the mineralization degree of ozone. So far, the combination of a solid catalyst with ozone (catalytic ozonation) has shown to enhance the degradation of refractory organic compounds in water. This chapter presents the combination of different metallic oxides (Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2, and NiO) with ozone to determine the effect of ozone decomposition and the subsequent elimination of one chlorinated compound (2,4-D). The chemical structure of the initial compound (2,4-D, benzoic and phthalic acid), as well as the initial catalyst dosage (0.1 and 0.5 g L−1) with the mentioned compounds, was also studied. Moreover, the degradation of two aromatic compounds (naphthalene and naproxen) with different proportions of ethanol (representing the organic matter of wastewater) was analyzed to establish their effect on the catalytic ozonation process

Conceptions and values of the body in young adults of Northwestern Mexico / Concepciones y valoraciones del cuerpo en jóvenes del noroeste de México

Abstract Currently thinness is the ideal body (IB) while in western societies obesity has reached levels never seen before. This situation has influenced how men and women perceive their bodies. The aim of this paper was to describe conceptions and values of the IB as well as the perception and acceptance of the body in university students from the northwestern Mexico, a sociocultural context where obesity prevails. From a socio-anthropological approach, we worked with 308 university students among 18 and 24 years old (202 women and 106 men). The construct of IB matches with the socially accepted discourse based on aesthetic and health values. In general, participants expressed moderated body dissatisfaction and rejected obesity; the IB for women was slim, firm and curved while for men was muscled. Therefore, a gap was identified between what women and men want and perceive of their body image and self-acceptance, with clear differences by sex. Resumen Mientras que la delgadez actualmente constituye el ideal corporal (IDC) preponderante en las sociedades occidentales, la obesidad prevalece con niveles nunca antes vistos. Esto ha influido en cómo hombres y mujeres se perciben y viven su cuerpo. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las concepciones y valoraciones del IDC y la percepción y aceptación del propio cuerpo en jóvenes universitarios del noroeste de México, un contexto sociocultural en el que prevalece la obesidad. A partir de una perspectiva socio-antropológica, se trabajó con 308 jóvenes universitarios, de entre 18 y 24 años de edad (202 mujeres y 106 hombres). La construcción del IDC en los jóvenes concuerda con el discurso aceptado y difundido socialmente, basado en valoraciones estéticas y de salud. En general, los jóvenes expresaron moderada insatisfacción corporal y rechazo de la obesidad; mientras que el IDC fue delgado y firme, curvilíneo para las mujeres, en tanto que fuerte y musculoso para los hombres. Por tanto, se identificó un desfase entre lo que ellos y ellas desean, lo que perciben de su imagen corporal y la propia aceptación, con claras diferencias por sexo

Clima organizacional y su relación con la satisfacción laboral de las enfermeras en el servicio de emergencias del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Jesús María, 2015

TesisLima NorteEscuela de PosgradoGestión de los Servicios de SaludLa presente investigación tuvo como objetivo general, determinar la relación que existe entre el clima organizacional y la satisfacción laboral de las enfermeras en el Servicio de Emergencias. Y como problema general ¿Existe relación entre el clima organizacional y la satisfacción laboral de las enfermeras en el servicio de Emergencias del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Jesús María, 2015? El tipo de investigación es no experimental, de hipotético deductivo, de tipo aplicada, diseño descriptivo correlacional con una muestra de 109 enfermeras asistenciales del servicio de emergencias de adultos, se aplicó el cuestionario de clima organizacional para la variable 1 y satisfacción laboral para la variable 2. Se utilizó el estadístico Rho de Spearman, donde se encontró la relación entre la variable clima organizacional y satisfacción laboral. Luego del análisis de los resultados existe relación significativa entre las variables: Clima organizacional y Satisfacción laboral indicándonos que existe una relación positiva y significativa, con un nivel de correlación positiva media, entonces, a mayor clima organizacional mayor será la Satisfacción laboral de las enfermeras en el Servicio de Emergencias del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Jesús María, 2015. (Con un nivel de significancia de 0,05; Rho de Spearman = 0.543 correlación positiva considerable y p valor = 0,000 < 0,05

Concepciones y valoraciones del cuerpo en jóvenes del noroeste de México

Currently thinness is the ideal body (IB) while in western societies obesity has reached levels never seen before. This situation has influenced how men and women perceive their bodies. The aim of this paper was to describe conceptions and values of the IB as well as the perception and acceptance of the body in university students from the northwestern Mexico, a sociocultural context where obesity prevails. From a socio-anthropological approach, we worked with 308 university students among 18 and 24 years old (202 women and 106 men). The construct of IB matches with the socially accepted discourse based on aesthetic and health values. In general, participants expressed moderated body dissatisfaction and rejected obesity; the IB for women was slim, firm and curved while for men was muscled. Therefore, a gap was identified between what women and men want and perceive of their body image and self-acceptance, with clear differences by sex.Mientras que la delgadez actualmente constituye el ideal corporal (IDC) preponderante en las sociedades occidentales, la obesidad prevalece con niveles nunca antes vistos. Esto ha influido en cómo hombres y mujeres se perciben y viven su cuerpo. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las concepciones y valoraciones del IDC y la percepción y aceptación del propio cuerpo en jóvenes universitarios del noroeste de México, un contexto sociocultural en el que prevalece la obesidad. A partir de una perspectiva socio-antropológica, se trabajó con 308 jóvenes universitarios, de entre 18 y 24 años de edad (202 mujeres y 106 hombres). La construcción del IDC en los jóvenes concuerda con el discurso aceptado y difundido socialmente, basado en valoraciones estéticas y de salud. En general, los jóvenes expresaron moderada insatisfacción corporal y rechazo de la obesidad; mientras que el IDC fue delgado y firme, curvilíneo para las mujeres, en tanto que fuerte y musculoso para los hombres. Por tanto, se identificó un desfase entre lo que ellos y ellas desean, lo que perciben de su imagen corporal y la propia aceptación, con claras diferencias por sexo

Normalización del cuerpo femenino. Modelos y prácticas corporales de mujeres jóvenes del noroeste de México

En este trabajo se analizaron los discursos normalizadores en torno al control del cuerpo femenino, y su apropiación en prácticas y modelos corporales de mujeres jóvenes de clases sociales distintas, en un contexto urbano del noroeste de México. Se utilizó una perspectiva socioantropológica de corte cualitativo, y se realizaron siete entrevistas grupales a mujeres de clase baja, media y alta. El discurso normalizador del cuerpo femenino alude tanto al cuidado de la salud y/o en contra de la obesidad, como a la estética. El cuerpo delgado, sano, en forma y bello se reconoce como el ideal; sin embargo, se valoran modelos corporales diferenciados por clase social. Las prácticas se identifican bajo el discurso de la salud pero con una motivación estética. Se requiere mayor acercamiento a la experiencia corporal de las mujeres, en una región donde la delgadez es la norma social pero no siempre es compartida, y donde las prácticas corporales son cada vez más invasivas

A Dynamic Urban Mobility Index from Clustering of Vehicle Speeds in a Tourist-Heavy City

The rapid urbanization of cities often brings about complex mobility issues, such as traffic congestion that, when unplanned, results in decreased productivity and quality of life. While many cities have adopted smart city initiatives to capture and monitor mobility, applying these in a developing country context remains a challenge when infrastructure and high-resolution spatial and temporal data are lacking. In this work, we use GPS data obtained from probe vehicles (a mix of public and private transport vehicles) within the city of Baguio, The Philippines, to develop and propose the Zone-based Speed Index (ZSI), a mobility index based on the speed clusters observed in this city. The ZSI dynamically infers monthly speed thresholds to classify zones as fast or slow and successfully captures the decrease in vehicle mobility associated with the impact of typhoons and holidays. Thus, it can be used to characterize urban vehicle mobility with high (hourly) resolution. Insights from the use of our dynamic mobility index are useful in the development and optimization of transportation systems, in monitoring the ease of vehicle mobility, and in the performance assessment of smart city initiatives, which are much needed in tourism hotspots

Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin induces blood brain barrier permeability via caveolae-dependent transcytosis and requires expression of MAL.

Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (ETX) is responsible for causing the economically devastating disease, enterotoxaemia, in livestock. It is well accepted that ETX causes blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, however the mechanisms involved in this process are not well understood. Using in vivo and in vitro methods, we determined that ETX causes BBB permeability in mice by increasing caveolae-dependent transcytosis in brain endothelial cells. When mice are intravenously injected with ETX, robust ETX binding is observed in the microvasculature of the central nervous system (CNS) with limited to no binding observed in the vasculature of peripheral organs, indicating that ETX specifically targets CNS endothelial cells. ETX binding to CNS microvasculature is dependent on MAL expression, as ETX binding to CNS microvasculature of MAL-deficient mice was not detected. ETX treatment also induces extravasation of molecular tracers including 376Da fluorescein salt, 60kDA serum albumin, 70kDa dextran, and 155kDA IgG. Importantly, ETX-induced BBB permeability requires expression of both MAL and caveolin-1, as mice deficient in MAL or caveolin-1 did not exhibit ETX-induced BBB permeability. Examination of primary murine brain endothelial cells revealed an increase in caveolae in ETX-treated cells, resulting in dynamin and lipid raft-dependent vacuolation without cell death. ETX-treatment also results in a rapid loss of EEA1 positive early endosomes and accumulation of large, RAB7-positive late endosomes and multivesicular bodies. Based on these results, we hypothesize that ETX binds to MAL on the apical surface of brain endothelial cells, causing recruitment of caveolin-1, triggering caveolae formation and internalization. Internalized caveolae fuse with early endosomes which traffic to late endosomes and multivesicular bodies. We believe that these multivesicular bodies fuse basally, releasing their contents into the brain parenchyma