Alternativas de manejo In vitro de Erwinia spp. patogénica en Saintpaulia ionantha

El trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la eficacia in vitro de diferentes bactericidas para el control de Erwinia sp. aislada en plantas de violeta africana (Saintpaulia ionantha) procedentes de un invernadero en la localidad de Tenango de las Flores, Huachinango, Puebla. Después de realizar los postulados de Koch, el agente causal del tizón bacteriano fue identificado como Erwinia sp. Este patógeno daña principalmente en las hojas y puede llegar a destruir toda la planta ya que produce grandes cantidades de enzimas pectolíticas. En el bioensayo de laboratorio se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con cinco repeticiones y siete tratamientos, Oxicrop, Agri-Mycin® 100, Bactrol® 2x, Hidrobacter®, Terramicina® Agrícola 5%, Final Bacter y Agrobacter®, adicionándose además un testigo sin bactericida y evaluando el efecto de halos de inhibición producidos en un medio de agar de soya tripticaseína. El análisis estadístico indico diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los tratamientos, a las 48 horas de haber formado halos de inhibición por cada tratamiento (ANOVA p < =0.05). La prueba de comparación de medias, mostro la existencia de diferencias significativas en lo que respecta a los halos de inhibición causados en cada uno de los tratamientos en estudio, siendo el tratamiento 4 (Hidrobacter®), el que presentó el mayor halo de inhibición siendo estadísticamente similar a los tratamientos 1 (Oxicrop) y 6 (Final Bacter). El tratamiento 2 (Agri-Mycin® 100) mostró el menor halo de inhibición lo que significa que el aislado bacteriano mostró tolerancia al efecto de los ingredientes activos (estreptomicina y oxitetraciclina) contenidos en el producto comercial y no sería recomendable su uso en campo a las dosis recomendadas

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Evolution over Time of Ventilatory Management and Outcome of Patients with Neurologic Disease∗

OBJECTIVES: To describe the changes in ventilator management over time in patients with neurologic disease at ICU admission and to estimate factors associated with 28-day hospital mortality. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of three prospective, observational, multicenter studies. SETTING: Cohort studies conducted in 2004, 2010, and 2016. PATIENTS: Adult patients who received mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 20,929 patients enrolled, we included 4,152 (20%) mechanically ventilated patients due to different neurologic diseases. Hemorrhagic stroke and brain trauma were the most common pathologies associated with the need for mechanical ventilation. Although volume-cycled ventilation remained the preferred ventilation mode, there was a significant (p &lt; 0.001) increment in the use of pressure support ventilation. The proportion of patients receiving a protective lung ventilation strategy was increased over time: 47% in 2004, 63% in 2010, and 65% in 2016 (p &lt; 0.001), as well as the duration of protective ventilation strategies: 406 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2004, 523 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2010, and 585 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2016 (p &lt; 0.001). There were no differences in the length of stay in the ICU, mortality in the ICU, and mortality in hospital from 2004 to 2016. Independent risk factors for 28-day mortality were age greater than 75 years, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II greater than 50, the occurrence of organ dysfunction within first 48 hours after brain injury, and specific neurologic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and brain trauma. CONCLUSIONS: More lung-protective ventilatory strategies have been implemented over years in neurologic patients with no effect on pulmonary complications or on survival. We found several prognostic factors on mortality such as advanced age, the severity of the disease, organ dysfunctions, and the etiology of neurologic disease