84 research outputs found
Power Delivery of the Future
This paper is written to provide an insight into the physics and engineering
that go into power delivery of the future. Topics covered are Fault Current
Limiters (FCL) including Superconducting FCL and Emission Limited FCL;
Lightning and Restoration Preparedness; Compressed-Gas-Insulated Delivery;
Evaporative Cooling Delivery; Advanced Delivery Technologies Requiring Big
Breakthroughs such as Conducting Polymers, Electron-Beam Delivery, Microwave
Delivery, and Laser-Beam Delivery.Comment: 10 pages, 0 figure
Ball Lightning: Manifestation of Cosmic Little Black Holes
A case is made that in encounters with the earth's atmosphere, astrophysical
little black holes (LBH) can manifest themselves as the core energy source of
balllightning (BL). Relating the LBH incidence rate on earth to BL occurrence
has the potential of shedding light on the distribution of LBH in the universe,
and their velocities relative to the earth. Most BL features can be explained
by a testable LBH model. Analyses are presented to support this model. LBH
produce complex and many-faceted interactions in air directly and via their
exhaust, resulting in excitation, ionization, and radiation due to processes
such as gravitational and electrostatic tidal force, bremsstrahlung, pair
production and annihilation, orbital electron near-capture by interaction with
a charged LBH. Gravitational interaction of atmospheric atoms with LBH can
result in an enhanced cross-section for polarization and ionization. An
estimate for the power radiated by BL ~ Watts is in agreement with observation.
An upper limit is found for the largest masses that can produce ionization and
polarization excitation. It is shown that the LBH high power exhaust radiation
is not prominent and its effects are consistent with observations.Comment: 24 pages, 0 figure
Falling Bodies: the Obvious,the Subtle, and the Wrong
An important scientific debate took place regarding falling bodies hundreds
of years ago, and it still warrants introspection. Galileo argued that in a
vacuum all bodies fall at the same rate relative to the earth, independent of
their mass. Aristotle seemed to consider all media to be viscous, and argued
that heavier bodies fall faster. Aristotle was challenged by Philoponus, who
argued that light and heavy weights fall about equally fast in air, eleven
hundred years before Galileo. As we shall see, the problem is more subtle than
meets the eye -- even in a frictionless medium. Philoponus and Galileo are
right part of the time, and Aristotle is partly right some of the time. In fact
they are all wrong the rest of the time, with the lightest body falling fastest
when two bodies fall toward the earth. In principle the results of a free fall
experiment depend on whether falling masses originate on earth, are
extraterrestrial, are sequential or concurrent, or are simultaneous for
coincident or separated bodies, etc. When single falling bodies originate from
the earth, all bodies (light and heavy) fall at the same rate relative to the
earth in agreement with Galileo's view. Einstein's General Relativity (EGR), in
which gravity is due to space-time curvature, was motivated by the Galilean
notion that free-fall is independent of the mass and properties of a falling
body, and is just due to the properties of the milieu it finds itself in.
Quantum mechanics is found to violate the Equivalence Principle of EGR.Comment: In the 3-body rectilinear problem, an interesting comparison is made
between a purely center of mass consideration without introducing an
attraction force, and analysis of this problem using the gravitational forc
Effect of the Fast Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse on the Electric Power Grid Nationwide: A Different View
This paper primarily considers the potential effects of a single
high-altitude nuclear burst on the U.S. power grid. A comparison is made
between EMP and natural phenomena such as lightning. This paper concludes that
EMP is no more harmful to the power grid than its counterparts in nature. An
upper limit of the electric field of the very fast, high-amplitude EMP is
derived from first principles. The resulting values are significantly lower
than the commonly presented values. Additional calculations show that the
ionization produced by a nuclear burst severely attenuates the EMP.Comment: 22 pages, 3 figures, 6 table
Little Black Holes:Dark Matter And Ball Lightning
Small,quiescent black holes can be considered as candidates for the missing
dark matter of the universe,and as the core energy source of ball lightning.By
means of gravitational tunneling,directed radiation is emitted from black holes
in a process much attenuated from that of Hawking radiation,P SH, which has
proven elusive to detect.Gravitational tunneling emission is similar to
electric field emission of electronsfrom a metal in that a second body is
involved which lowers the barrier and gives the barrier a finite rather than
infinite width.Hawking deals with a single isolated black hole.Comment: 27 pages, 2 figure
Improved Power System of the Future
This paper is intended to provide an insight into physics and engineering
that can modernize electric power systems. Topics covered are Flexible ac
transmission systems (FACTS), Custom Power, Greatly improved Capacitors,
Electrical Insulation, Distribution Cables, Improved Polymeric Insulation,
Underground Vault Explosions, Fault Location, Smart Cables, Neutral and Ground,
Corrosion and Protection, Conventional Transformers, Compact Transformers,
Ferroresonance, and Solid State Transformers.Comment: 16 pages,0 figure
Quantum and Classical Variance in the Quantum Realm
This paper examines the variance of quantum and classical predictions in the
quantum realm, as well as unexpected presence and absence of variances. Some
features are found that share an indirect commonality with the Aharonov-Bohm
and Aharonov-Casher effects in that there is a quantum action in the absence of
a force. Variances are also found in the presence of a force that are more
subtle as they are of higher order. Significant variances related to the
harmonic oscillator and particle in a box periods are found. This paper raises
the question whether apparent quantum self-inconsistency may be examined
internally, or must be empirically ascertained. These inherent variances may
either point to inconsistencies in quantum mechanics that should be fixed, or
that nature is manifestly more non-classical than expected. For the harmonic
oscillator it is proven that the second spatial moment is the same in QM and
CM.Comment: Expansion and clarification of my earlier paper, plus some new
materia
Phenomenological Theory of Superfluidity and Superconductivity
Quantum condensation is used here as the basis for a phenomenological theory
of superfluidity and superconductivity. It leads to remarkably good
calculations of the transition temperatures T c of superfluid 3 He and 4 He, as
well as a large number of cuprate, heavy fermion, organic, dichalcogenide, and
bismuth oxide super- conductors. Although this approach may apply least to the
long coherence length metallics, reasonably good estimates are made for them,
and chevral superconductors. T c for atomic H is estimated. T c can be
calculated as a function of number density or density of states, and effective
mass of normal carriers; or alternatively with the Fermi energy as the only
input parameter. Predictions are made for a total of 26 superconductors and 4
superfluids. An estimate is also made for coherence lengths.Comment: 14 pages, 1 table, 0 figure
Do the Laws of Nature and Physics Agree About What is Allowed and Forbidden?
There are countless examples in the history of science that not only were the
laws of physics often incomplete and more limited in their domain of validity
than was realized, but at times they missed the mark completely. Despite this,
our collective memory is often short on such matters, focusing on present
triumphs and quickly forgetting past failures. This makes us less tolerant to
that which challenges present orthodoxy. It may be of value to recall such past
deficiences as well as present shortcomings, particularly since science may
always be encumbered with such limitations. We can avoid serious pitfalls if we
let the past serve as a guide to the future. Subjects covered will include
Godel's theorem, superconductivity, zero-point energy, the quantum and
classical Aharonov-Bohm and similar effects, theories of general relativity,
Mach's principle, black hole radiation, ball lightning, and the universe(s).Comment: 30 pages, 0 figure
Frequency Dependence of Superconducting Cavity Q and Magnetic Breakdown Field
A theoretical explanation is given to account for the unexpected observation
that L- and S-band Nb superconducting cavities were found to have lower Q and
lower magnetic breakdown field than those of the higher X-band frequencies.
Both effects can be related to the trapping of magnetic flux in the cavity
walls. The frequency dependence arises from the frequency dependence of the
resistivity of oscillating fluxoids. Calculations based on this model are in
agreement with experimental observations.Comment: 6 page
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