13,762 research outputs found
RHESSI and SDO/AIA observations of the chromospheric and coronal plasma parameters during a solar flare
X-ray and EUV observations are an important diagnostic of various plasma
parameters of the solar atmosphere during solar flares. Soft X-ray and EUV
observations often show coronal sources near the top of flaring loops, while
hard X-ray emission is mostly observed from chromospheric footpoints. Combining
RHESSI with simultaneous SDO/AIA observations, it is possible for the first
time to determine the density, temperature, and emission profile of the solar
atmosphere over a wide range of heights during a flare, using two independent
methods. Here we analyze a near limb event during the first of three hard X-ray
peaks. The emission measure, temperature, and density of the coronal source is
found using soft X-ray RHESSI images while the chromospheric density is
determined using RHESSI visibility analysis of the hard X-ray footpoints. A
regularized inversion technique is applied to AIA images of the flare to find
the differential emission measure (DEM). Using DEM maps we determine the
emission and temperature structure of the loop, as well as the density, and
compare it with RHESSI results. The soft X-ray and hard X-ray sources are
spatially coincident with the top and bottom of the EUV loop, but the bulk of
the EUV emission originates from a region without co-spatial RHESSI emission.
The temperature analysis along the loop indicates that the hottest plasma is
found near the coronal loop top source. The EUV observations suggest that the
density in the loop legs increases with increasing height while the temperature
remains constant within uncertainties.Comment: 23 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Electron distribution and energy release in magnetic reconnection outflow regions during the pre-impulsive phase of a solar flare
We present observations of electron energization in magnetic reconnection
outflows during the pre-impulsive phase of solar flare SOL2012-07-19T05:58.
During a time-interval of about 20 minutes, starting 40 minutes before the
onset of the impulsive phase, two X-ray sources were observed in the corona,
one above the presumed reconnection region and one below. For both of these
sources, the mean electron distribution function as a function of time is
determined over an energy range from 0.1~keV up to several tens of keV, for the
first time. This is done by simultaneous forward fitting of X-ray and EUV data.
Imaging spectroscopy with RHESSI provides information on the high-energy tail
of the electron distribution in these sources while EUV images from SDO/AIA are
used to constrain the low specific electron energies. The measured electron
distribution spectrum in the magnetic reconnection outflows is consistent with
a time-evolving kappa-distribution with . The spectral
evolution suggests that electrons are accelerated to progressively higher
energies in the source above the reconnection region, while in the source
below, the spectral shape does not change but an overall increase of the
emission measure is observed, suggesting density increase due to evaporation.
The main mechanisms by which energy is transported away from the source regions
are conduction and free-streaming electrons. The latter dominates by more than
one order of magnitude and is comparable to typical non-thermal energies during
the hard X-ray peak of solar flares, suggesting efficient acceleration even
during this early phase of the event.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Association between high school students’ cigarette smoking, asthma and related beliefs: a population-based study
Background Smoking has a detrimental effect on the symptoms and severity of asthma, a common chronic disease among adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between asthma and smoking among high school students and assess provider-patient communication with asthmatic adolescents regarding smoking and adolescents’ beliefs about the harms of smoking. Methods In fall 2014, data from high school students, ages 14–18 years, completing the 2009-2010 Virginia Youth Tobacco Survey (N = 1796) were used in descriptive analyses and multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for model-specific confounders as appropriate. Results Overall, an estimated 19 % of high school students in Virginia smoked and 16 % had asthma. Odds of smoking did not differ by asthma status; however, asthmatics had 1.5 times higher odds of being asked if they smoke (95 % CI 1.06–2.13) and being advised not to smoke by a health professional (95 % CI 1.10–2.14) compared to non-asthmatics. Asthmatics who believed second-hand smoke or smoking 1–5 cigarettes/day was not harmful had respectively 4.2 and 2.8 times higher odds of smoking than those who thought each was harmful. Further, asthmatics who thought smoking 1−2 years is safe had 3.4 times higher odds of smoking than those who did not (95 % CI 1.57–10.1). Conclusions While asthmatic adolescents are just as likely to smoke as non-asthmatics, less healthy beliefs about the risks of smoking increase the odds of smoking among asthmatics. Thus, targeted asthma-specific smoking prevention and education to change attitudes and beliefs could be an effective tool for adolescents
Female Scent Signals Enhances Male Resistance to Influenza
Scent of receptive females as signal to reproduction stimulate male mice to olfactory search of a potential breeding partner^1, 2^. This searching behavior is coupled with infection risk due to bacterial contamination of the fecal and urine scent marks^4^. The theoretical consideration of host evolution under inevitable parasitic pressures, including helminthes, bacteria, virus etc., predicts adaptations that help protect against parasites associated with breeding^7^. In this study, we propose that acceptation of female signals by male mice leads to adaptive redistribution of immune defense directed to protection against respiratory infection risks. Our results reveal migration of macrophages and neutrophils to upper airways upon exposure to female odor stimulus resulting in increased resistance to influenza virus in male mice. Contrary to widely accepted immunosuppressive function of female sexual signals, our data provide the first demonstration of the adaptive immunological response to female odor stimulus through induction of nonspecific immune response in upper airways
Unusual products of the aqueous chlorination of atenolol
The reaction
of the drug atenolol
with hypochlorite
under conditions
that simulate
wastewater
disinfection
was investigated.
The pharmaceutical
reacted in 1 h yielding
three products
that were
separated
by chromatographic
techniques
and characterized
by spectroscopic
features.
Two unusual
products
2-(4-(3-(chloro(2-chloropropan-
2-yl)amino)-2-hydroxypropoxy)
phenyl) acetamide
and 2-(4-
(3-formamido-
2-hydroxypropoxy)
phenyl) acetamide
were obtained along with 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)
acetamide.
When the reaction
was stopped at shorter times only 2-(4-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropoxy)
phenyl) acetamide
and the dichlorinated
product
were detected. Tests performed
on the seeds of
Lactuca
sativa
show that chlorinated
products
have phytotoxic
activity
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