35 research outputs found
Kosteusvauriomikrobit : potilaiden IgE vÀlitteinen allergia ja keuhkotulehdusvasteet kokeellisessa mallissa
Exposure to water-damaged buildings and the associated health problems have evoked concern and created confusion during the past 20 years. Individuals exposed to moisture problem buildings report adverse health effects such as non-specific respiratory symptoms. Microbes, especially fungi, growing on the damp material have been considered as potential sources of the health problems encountered in these buildings. Fungi and their airborne fungal spores contain allergens and secondary metabolites which may trigger allergic as well as inflammatory types of responses in the eyes and airways. Although epidemiological studies have revealed an association between damp buildings and health problems, no direct cause-and-effect relationship has been established. Further knowledge is needed about the epidemiology and the mechanisms leading to the symptoms associated with exposure to fungi.
Two different approaches have been used in this thesis in order to investigate the diverse health effects associated with exposure to moulds. In the first part, sensitization to moulds was evaluated and potential cross-reactivity studied in patients attending a hospital for suspected allergy. In the second part, one typical mould known to be found in water-damaged buildings and to produce toxic secondary metabolites was used to study the airway responses in an experimental model. Exposure studies were performed on both naive and allergen sensitized mice.
The first part of the study showed that mould allergy is rare and highly dependent on the atopic status of the examined individual. The prevalence of sensitization was 2.7% to Cladosporium herbarum and 2.8% to Alternaria alternata in patients, the majority of whom were atopic subjects. Some of the patients sensitized to mould suffered from atopic eczema. Frequently the patients were observed to possess specific serum IgE antibodies to a yeast present in the normal skin flora, Pityrosporum ovale. In some of these patients, the IgE binding was partly found to be due to binding to shared glycoproteins in the mould and yeast allergen extracts. The second part of the study revealed that exposure to Stachybotrys chartarum spores induced an airway inflammation in the lungs of mice. The inflammation was characterized by an influx of inflammatory cells, mainly neutrophils and lymphocytes, into the lungs but with almost no differences in airway responses seen between the satratoxin producing and non-satratoxin producing strain. On the other hand, when mice were exposed to S. chartarum and sensitized/challenged with ovalbumin the extent of the inflammation was markedly enhanced. A synergistic increase in the numbers of inflammatory cells was seen in BAL and severe inflammation was observed in the histological lung sections.
In conclusion, the results in this thesis imply that exposure to moulds in water damaged buildings may trigger health effects in susceptible individuals. The symptoms can rarely be explained by IgE mediated allergy to moulds. Other non-allergic mechanisms seem to be involved. Stachybotrys chartarum is one of the moulds potentially responsible for health problems. In this thesis, new reaction models for the airway inflammation induced by S. chartarum have been found using experimental approaches. The immunological status played an important role in the airway inflammation, enhancing the effects of mould exposure. The results imply that sensitized individuals may be more susceptible to exposure to moulds than non-sensitized individuals.Kosteusvauriomikrobit; Potilaiden IgE vÀlitteinen allergia ja keuhkotulehdusvasteet kokeellisessa mallissa
Kosteusvauriorakennukset ja altistuminen niissÀ viihtyville homeille voivat aiheuttaa terveyshaittoja. Homeille altistuminen on yhdistetty erilaisiin ylÀ- ja ala- hengitystieoireisiin kuten astmaan ja allergiseen nuhaan. Kosteusvauriorakennuksille altistuneilla on myös havaittu muita oireita kuten pÀÀnsÀrkyÀ, pahoinvointia ja lihassÀrkyÀ.
Homeiden mahdollisia terveyshaittoja on tÀssÀ vÀitöskirjassa tarkasteltu kahdella eri lÀhestymistavalla. Tutkimuksen ensimmÀisessÀ osiossa kartoitettiin homeille herkistymisen yleisyyttÀ allergiaepÀilyn takia sairaalaan tulleilla potilailla ja havaittiin, ettÀ herkistyminen homeille on harvinaista. HerkistymistÀ osoittavia spesifisiÀ IgE vasta-aineita kahdelle eniten testatuille homeille (Cladosporium herbarum ja Alternaria alternata) löydettiin 2.7%:lla ja 2.8%:lla potilaista. LisÀksi tutkittiin ihotestissÀ kÀytettyjen homeuutteiden spesifisyyttÀ IgE vÀlitteisen homeallergian osoittamisessa. Havaitsimme, ettÀ osa homeelle herkistyneiden potilaiden seerumin IgE vasta-aineista sitoutui ihon normaliflooraan kuuluvan Pityrosporum ovale (tai Malassezia sp.) hiivauutteen allergeeneihin. NÀin ollen homeallergia nÀyttÀisi olevan harvinaista ja osa reaktiosta saattaa johtua ristireaktiosta hiivan allergeeneja vastaan.
Toisessa osiossa Stachybotrys chartarum hometta kÀytettiin mallintamaan tulehdus vaikutuksia hengitysteissÀ. S. chartarum on kirjallisuuden mukaan hyvin potentiaalinen taudin aiheuttaja kosteusvauriotaloissa, koska se tuottaa hometoksiinia tietyissÀ olosuhteissa. Satratoksiinia tuottavaa sekÀ ei-tuottavaa S. chartarum kantaa kÀytettiin kokeellisessa hiirialtistusmallissa kahtena eri pitoisuutena (10^3 ja 10^5 itiötÀ). S. chartarum homeitiöt aiheuttivat isommalla pitoisuudella lievÀn tulehduksen keuhkoihin, mutta yllÀttÀen satratoksiini ei nÀyttÀnyt vaikuttavan oleellisesti tutkittuun vasteeseen. Koska kosteusvauriorakennuksille altistuneilla on havaittu erilaisia oireita, tutkimme myös immunologisen yleistilan merkitystÀ homealtistumisessa. Teimme homeitiöaltistuksen yhdessÀ allergeeni herkistyksen kanssa (allerginen astmamalli). Homeitiöaltistus allergisessa astmamallissa aiheutti massiivisen tulehdusvasteen hiirten keuhkoihin.
Altistuminen homeille kosteusvauriotaloissa saattaa aiheuttaa terveyshaittoja. Tutkimus osoittaa, ettÀ IgE vÀlitteisellÀ homeallergialla ei useinkaan pystytÀ selittÀmÀÀn oireita. Homeet voivat myös aiheuttaa muita, ei-allergisia immunologisia vasteita. Kokeelliset työt viittaavat siihen, ettÀ Stachybotrys chartarum home saattaa aiheuttaa terveyshaittoja. TÀssÀ tutkimuksessa on saatu merkittÀvÀÀ uutta tietoa S. chartarum homeen mahdollisista vaikutuksista hengitysteissÀ kokeellisia malleja kÀyttÀen. NÀitÀ tulehdustekijöitÀ voidaan mahdollisesti kÀyttÀÀ potilasdiagnostiikassa keuhko- tai nenÀhuuhtelunÀytteistÀ. Immunologisella yleistilalla oli merkittÀvÀ rooli keuhkotulehduksessa. Tulokset mallista viittaavat siihen, ettÀ atooppiset henkilöt saattavat olla alttiimpia homealtistuksen vaikutuksille kuin ei-atooppiset.
VĂ€ittelijĂ€ on syntynyt ja asuu Porvoossa, opiskellut biokemistiksi Ă
bo Akademissa ja toimii tÀllÀ hetkellÀ tutkijana Työterveyslaitoksella HelsingissÀ.Mögelsvampar: FrÄn förekomsten av IgE medierad allergi till karakterisering av inflammationen i luftvÀgarna med hjÀlp av en experimentell modell
Mikroorganismer i fuktskadat material som tex. mögelsvampar, anses ha en negativ inverkan pÄ hÀlsan. Ett samband har kunnat pÄvisas mellan allergiliknande symtom i de övre och nedre luftvÀgarna och vistelse i fuktskadade byggnader i epidemiologisk-kliniska undersökningar. Trots ett samband finns det för tillfÀllet mycket fÄ medicinska bevis för att mögelsvamp orsakar besvÀr i luftvÀgarna.
I den hÀr avhandlingen har vi gÄtt tillvÀga pÄ tvÄ olika sÀtt. I den första delen kartlades antalet positiva pricktest mot mögel hos patienter som undersöktes pga misstÀnkt allergi. Pricktest-resultaten tyder pÄ att mögelallergi Àr sÀllsynt. 2.7% av patienterna reagerade positivt pÄ Cladosporium herbarum och 2.8% pÄ Alternaria alternata, som Àr de tvÄ vanligaste mögelarter som kan ge upphov till allergiska reaktioner. DÀrvid kan mögelallergin förklara endast en brÄkdel av de symtom som förknippas med vistelse i fuktskadade hus. Dessutom observerade vi att de pricktest-positiva patienterna ofta ocksÄ reagerade pÄ jÀstextraktet Pityrosporum ovale. P. ovale (eller Malassezia sp.) Àr en vanlig jÀstsvamp som hör till hudens normalflora. Vi undersökte IgE antikroppsbindning i serum-proverna och upptÀckte att mögelspecifikt IgE delvis binder till bÄde mögel och jÀstallergenextrakt, vilket tyder pÄ korsreaktivitet. Detta bör tagas i beaktande vid diagnostiseringen av mögelallergi för att undvika felaktiga positiva resultat.
I den andra delen av avhandlingen undersökte vi mögelsvampen Stachybotrys chartarum som förekommer i fuktskadade byggnader. Syftet var att studera mögelsporernas inverkan pÄ slemhinnorna i luftvÀgarna i en experimentell musmodell. S. chartarum Àr en av de mögelsvampar som anses utgöra en potentiell hÀlsorisk i fuktskadade byggnader pga dess förmÄga att producera toksiner sÄ som satratoksiner, under gynnsamma förhÄllanden. Mössen i experimentet exponerades för en satratoksin-producerande och en icke satratoksin-producerande stam i tvÄ olika konsentrationer (10^3 och 10^5 sporer). Den högre koncentrationen S. chartarum-sporer framkallade en mild inflammation i lungorna. Den inflammatoriska responsen i lungorna var inte med de parametrar vi mÀtte, satratoksin-beroende. För att undersöka om mögelsporerna fungerar pÄ annat sÀtt i luftvÀgarna i samband med en allergisk inflammation, kombinerade vi mögelexponeringsmodellen med en vÀl etablerad allergisk astmamodell. DÄ mössen exponerades för mögelsporer samtidigt som de immuniserades med allergen, uppstod en inflammatorisk reaktion i lungorna som var betydligt kraftigare Àn dÄ dessa utfördes separat.
Fuktskademögel kan pÄverka luftvÀgarna och ge upphov till besvÀr i slemhinnorna. Forskningen pÄvisar att mögelallergi sÀllan kan förklara alla symtom. Mögelsporerna kan ha andra icke-allergiska immunologiska effekter. Resultaten frÄn vÄra experiment tyder pÄ att S. chartarum möjligen utgör en hÀlsorisk. De immunologiska processerna som mögelsporerna vÀcker och modulerar i vÄr experimentella musmodell, ger en bild av de mekanismer som mögelexponering kan inducera i lungorna. De inflammatoriska markörerna som inducerades i vÄr experimentella modell, kan anvÀndas inom diagnostiken av tex lung- eller nÀssköljningsprov frÄn patienter som vistats i fuktskadade hus. Det immunologiska tillstÄndet Àr av stor betydelse. VÄra resultat frÄn mössförsöken tyder pÄ att atopiker kan vara mer utsatta för mögelsporernas verkan Àn icke-atopiker
Citizens' intertemporal perspectives on municipal mergers and the role of deliberation for these
This article studies citizens' intertemporal opinions in the context of a proposed municipal merger in Finland in 2019. We ask how important citizens regard short- and long-term aspects of politics concerning the merger. Using a survey sent to a random sample of citizens (N = 320), we studied the impact of a Citizens' Jury on developing intertemporal opinions. This was done partially by tracing the development of intertemporal opinions of the jurors (N = 21) and partially through a survey experiment among the population in the municipality. The survey experiment (N = 174) analyzed the effect of reading a written statement by the Citizens' Jury on various opinions, including intertemporal opinions. The findings show that, in the initial survey, citizens valued long-term consequences more than short-term ones in the context of the merger. Similar findings were discovered among the Citizens' Jury, and reading the Citizens' Jury's statement did not produce any statistically significant differences in intertemporal opinions. However, our findings reveal that citizens' vote intentions in a forthcoming referendum on the merger are strongly associated with whether they focused on long-term costs or long-term benefits.</p
En kvalitativ syntes av anhörigas upplevelser under och efter nÀrstÄendes plötsliga hjÀrtstopp
Bakgrund: Ett hjĂ€rtstopp Ă€r ett ytterst allvarligt tillstĂ„nd som pĂ„verkar inte bara patienten sjĂ€lv utan hela familjen, speciellt en nĂ€ra anhörig. Patienten svĂ€var mellan liv och död, och om patienten överlever Ă€r det ofta med mer eller mindre bestĂ„ende men. Vid patientens sida finns de anhöriga som vill vara nĂ€ra, hjĂ€lpa och stöda sin nĂ€rstĂ„ende samtidigt som det ocksĂ„ kan vara en mycket svĂ„r situation för dem. Syfte: Syftet med den hĂ€r kvalitativa litteraturstudien var att belysa anhörigas upplevelser av en nĂ€rstĂ„endes hjĂ€rtstopp, för att i framtiden bĂ€ttre kunna tillmötesgĂ„ dem inom vĂ„rden. Metod: En kvalitativ sammanfattande litteraturstudie baserad pĂ„ Ă„tta vetenskapliga artiklar som hade studerat anhörigas upplevelser under sjĂ€lva hjĂ€rtstoppet, pĂ„ intensiv-vĂ„rdsavdelningen eller efter hemkomst. Resultat: HjĂ€rtstoppet var en kaotisk och traumatisk upplevelse för den anhöriga. Patienten var viktigast, all fokus var pĂ„ patienten men det lĂ€mnade ofta den anhöriga ensam med den oro och rĂ€dsla situationen framkallat. TillgĂ„ng till kontinuerlig information och professionellt bemötande var ytterst viktigt för den anhöriga. Möjligheten att fĂ„ vara nĂ€ra nĂ€rstĂ„ende dygnet runt ingav sĂ€kerhet och trygghet. Brist pĂ„ information och uppföljning efter utskrivning och en kĂ€nsla av att vara ensam med allt ansvar var Ă„terkommande teman. Slutsats: Att som anhörig vara nĂ€ra vid ett hjĂ€rtstopp var en stark existentiell upplevelse dĂ€r alla aspekter av delaktighet fanns beskrivna; att veta, att göra och att vara. För bĂ€sta resultat, ett delaktigt vĂ„rdande i ljuset, krĂ€vs en samverkan mellan den vĂ„rdande personalen, patient och anhörig. Mer stöd och uppmĂ€rksamhet bör i framtiden riktas Ă€ven mot den anhöriga.Background: Sudden cardiac arrest is a life threatening condition, not only affecting the patient but the whole family. The patientâs life is on hold and if the patient survives, this is often with more or less physical and psychological complications. Close to the patient a family member or relative, tries to support and help the patient while at the same time the situation may be extremely stressful for the relative. Aim: The aim of this qualitative literature review was to get a better understanding of family members lived experiences during a loved oneâs sudden cardiac arrest, in order to better also support the relatives in healthcare. Method: A summary of the literature based on eight qualitative studies on the perceptions of family members experiences of a sudden cardiac arrest by a loved one; during the cardiac arrest, at the intensive care unit and after discharge from hospital. Results: The cardiac arrest was experienced as a chaotic and traumatic event by the relative. The patient was the most important person at the moment but at the same time it left the relative alone with her feelings of anxiety and fear that the situation induced. Receiving information continuously about their next of kinâs condition as well as a considerate and professional encounter with the intensive care unit staff was important for the relative. The possibility to stay with the patient at the intensive care unit felt comforting, reassuring and safe. Lack of information and follow up, as well as a feeling of being alone with the responsibility, was a common theme after discharge from the hospital. Conclusion: To be present during the next of kinâs cardiac arrest was a strong existential experience where all aspects of involvement and participation were described; to know, to do and to be. For best results, an involving care in the light, collaboration between the professional care, the patient and the family member is needed. More support and attention should be given to family members in the future
En kvalitativ syntes av anhörigas upplevelser under och efter nÀrstÄendes plötsliga hjÀrtstopp
Bakgrund: Ett hjĂ€rtstopp Ă€r ett ytterst allvarligt tillstĂ„nd som pĂ„verkar inte bara patienten sjĂ€lv utan hela familjen, speciellt en nĂ€ra anhörig. Patienten svĂ€var mellan liv och död, och om patienten överlever Ă€r det ofta med mer eller mindre bestĂ„ende men. Vid patientens sida finns de anhöriga som vill vara nĂ€ra, hjĂ€lpa och stöda sin nĂ€rstĂ„ende samtidigt som det ocksĂ„ kan vara en mycket svĂ„r situation för dem. Syfte: Syftet med den hĂ€r kvalitativa litteraturstudien var att belysa anhörigas upplevelser av en nĂ€rstĂ„endes hjĂ€rtstopp, för att i framtiden bĂ€ttre kunna tillmötesgĂ„ dem inom vĂ„rden. Metod: En kvalitativ sammanfattande litteraturstudie baserad pĂ„ Ă„tta vetenskapliga artiklar som hade studerat anhörigas upplevelser under sjĂ€lva hjĂ€rtstoppet, pĂ„ intensiv-vĂ„rdsavdelningen eller efter hemkomst. Resultat: HjĂ€rtstoppet var en kaotisk och traumatisk upplevelse för den anhöriga. Patienten var viktigast, all fokus var pĂ„ patienten men det lĂ€mnade ofta den anhöriga ensam med den oro och rĂ€dsla situationen framkallat. TillgĂ„ng till kontinuerlig information och professionellt bemötande var ytterst viktigt för den anhöriga. Möjligheten att fĂ„ vara nĂ€ra nĂ€rstĂ„ende dygnet runt ingav sĂ€kerhet och trygghet. Brist pĂ„ information och uppföljning efter utskrivning och en kĂ€nsla av att vara ensam med allt ansvar var Ă„terkommande teman. Slutsats: Att som anhörig vara nĂ€ra vid ett hjĂ€rtstopp var en stark existentiell upplevelse dĂ€r alla aspekter av delaktighet fanns beskrivna; att veta, att göra och att vara. För bĂ€sta resultat, ett delaktigt vĂ„rdande i ljuset, krĂ€vs en samverkan mellan den vĂ„rdande personalen, patient och anhörig. Mer stöd och uppmĂ€rksamhet bör i framtiden riktas Ă€ven mot den anhöriga.Background: Sudden cardiac arrest is a life threatening condition, not only affecting the patient but the whole family. The patientâs life is on hold and if the patient survives, this is often with more or less physical and psychological complications. Close to the patient a family member or relative, tries to support and help the patient while at the same time the situation may be extremely stressful for the relative. Aim: The aim of this qualitative literature review was to get a better understanding of family members lived experiences during a loved oneâs sudden cardiac arrest, in order to better also support the relatives in healthcare. Method: A summary of the literature based on eight qualitative studies on the perceptions of family members experiences of a sudden cardiac arrest by a loved one; during the cardiac arrest, at the intensive care unit and after discharge from hospital. Results: The cardiac arrest was experienced as a chaotic and traumatic event by the relative. The patient was the most important person at the moment but at the same time it left the relative alone with her feelings of anxiety and fear that the situation induced. Receiving information continuously about their next of kinâs condition as well as a considerate and professional encounter with the intensive care unit staff was important for the relative. The possibility to stay with the patient at the intensive care unit felt comforting, reassuring and safe. Lack of information and follow up, as well as a feeling of being alone with the responsibility, was a common theme after discharge from the hospital. Conclusion: To be present during the next of kinâs cardiac arrest was a strong existential experience where all aspects of involvement and participation were described; to know, to do and to be. For best results, an involving care in the light, collaboration between the professional care, the patient and the family member is needed. More support and attention should be given to family members in the future
En kvalitativ syntes av anhörigas upplevelser under och efter nÀrstÄendes plötsliga hjÀrtstopp
Bakgrund: Ett hjĂ€rtstopp Ă€r ett ytterst allvarligt tillstĂ„nd som pĂ„verkar inte bara patienten sjĂ€lv utan hela familjen, speciellt en nĂ€ra anhörig. Patienten svĂ€var mellan liv och död, och om patienten överlever Ă€r det ofta med mer eller mindre bestĂ„ende men. Vid patientens sida finns de anhöriga som vill vara nĂ€ra, hjĂ€lpa och stöda sin nĂ€rstĂ„ende samtidigt som det ocksĂ„ kan vara en mycket svĂ„r situation för dem. Syfte: Syftet med den hĂ€r kvalitativa litteraturstudien var att belysa anhörigas upplevelser av en nĂ€rstĂ„endes hjĂ€rtstopp, för att i framtiden bĂ€ttre kunna tillmötesgĂ„ dem inom vĂ„rden. Metod: En kvalitativ sammanfattande litteraturstudie baserad pĂ„ Ă„tta vetenskapliga artiklar som hade studerat anhörigas upplevelser under sjĂ€lva hjĂ€rtstoppet, pĂ„ intensiv-vĂ„rdsavdelningen eller efter hemkomst. Resultat: HjĂ€rtstoppet var en kaotisk och traumatisk upplevelse för den anhöriga. Patienten var viktigast, all fokus var pĂ„ patienten men det lĂ€mnade ofta den anhöriga ensam med den oro och rĂ€dsla situationen framkallat. TillgĂ„ng till kontinuerlig information och professionellt bemötande var ytterst viktigt för den anhöriga. Möjligheten att fĂ„ vara nĂ€ra nĂ€rstĂ„ende dygnet runt ingav sĂ€kerhet och trygghet. Brist pĂ„ information och uppföljning efter utskrivning och en kĂ€nsla av att vara ensam med allt ansvar var Ă„terkommande teman. Slutsats: Att som anhörig vara nĂ€ra vid ett hjĂ€rtstopp var en stark existentiell upplevelse dĂ€r alla aspekter av delaktighet fanns beskrivna; att veta, att göra och att vara. För bĂ€sta resultat, ett delaktigt vĂ„rdande i ljuset, krĂ€vs en samverkan mellan den vĂ„rdande personalen, patient och anhörig. Mer stöd och uppmĂ€rksamhet bör i framtiden riktas Ă€ven mot den anhöriga.Background: Sudden cardiac arrest is a life threatening condition, not only affecting the patient but the whole family. The patientâs life is on hold and if the patient survives, this is often with more or less physical and psychological complications. Close to the patient a family member or relative, tries to support and help the patient while at the same time the situation may be extremely stressful for the relative. Aim: The aim of this qualitative literature review was to get a better understanding of family members lived experiences during a loved oneâs sudden cardiac arrest, in order to better also support the relatives in healthcare. Method: A summary of the literature based on eight qualitative studies on the perceptions of family members experiences of a sudden cardiac arrest by a loved one; during the cardiac arrest, at the intensive care unit and after discharge from hospital. Results: The cardiac arrest was experienced as a chaotic and traumatic event by the relative. The patient was the most important person at the moment but at the same time it left the relative alone with her feelings of anxiety and fear that the situation induced. Receiving information continuously about their next of kinâs condition as well as a considerate and professional encounter with the intensive care unit staff was important for the relative. The possibility to stay with the patient at the intensive care unit felt comforting, reassuring and safe. Lack of information and follow up, as well as a feeling of being alone with the responsibility, was a common theme after discharge from the hospital. Conclusion: To be present during the next of kinâs cardiac arrest was a strong existential experience where all aspects of involvement and participation were described; to know, to do and to be. For best results, an involving care in the light, collaboration between the professional care, the patient and the family member is needed. More support and attention should be given to family members in the future
Transactive DNA Binding Protein 43 Rather Than Other Misfolded Proteins in the Brain is Associated with Islet Amyloid Polypeptide in Pancreas in Aged Subjects with Diabetes Mellitus
A link between diabetes mellitus (DM) related islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) related amyloid-beta (A beta) has been suggested in epidemiological and clinical studies. In 2017, proof for existing interaction between type 2 DM and AD on a molecular level was provided based on research carried out in experimental animal models. We assessed aging-related neurodegenerative lesions, i.e., misfolded proteins, associated with dementia such as hyperphosphorylated tau (HP tau), A beta, alpha-synuclein (alpha S), and phosphorylated transactive DNA binding protein 43 (pTDP43) seen in the brain and IAPP seen in the pancreas in subjects with and without DM applying immunohistochemical techniques. HP tau in the brain and IAPP in the pancreas were observed in most subjects. The prevalence and the extent of all misfolded proteins increased with age but this increase was not influenced by DM. Interestingly the extent of misfolded proteins in the brain was higher in non-diabetics when compared with diabetics in demented. A significant correlation was observed between HP tau, A beta, alpha S, and pTDP43, whereas IAPP showed no association with HP tau, A beta, and alpha S. In subjects with DM, the extent of pTDP43 in brain correlated with the extent of IAPP in pancreas. Thus, there is no evidence of a link between AD-related pathology and DM in humans, whereas an association was found between pTDP43 and IAPP in DM. TDP43 is ubiquitously expressed in all organs but whether TDP43 is phosphorylated in other organs in DM or whether the phosphorylation of TDP43 is influenced by glucose metabolism is yet unknown
Altered proteins in the aging brain
We assessed the prevalence of common altered brain proteins in 296 cognitively unimpaired subjects ranging from age 50 to 102 years. The incidence and the stage of hyperphosphorylated-tau (HP tau), beta-amyloid, alpha-synuclein (alpha S), and transactive response DNA (TDP) binding protein 43 (TDP43)-immunoreactivity (-IR) increased with age. HP tau-IR was observed in 98% of the subjects; the locus coeruleus was solely affected in 46%, and 79% of the subjects were in Braak stages a to II. beta-Amyloid was seen in 47% of subjects and the Thal phase correlated with the HP tau Braak stage and age. Intermediate Alzheimer disease-related pathology (ADRP) was seen in 12%; 52% of the subjects with HP tau-IR fulfilled criteria for definite primary age-related tauopathy (PART). The incidence of concomitant pathology (alpha S, TDP43) did not differ between those with PART and those with ADRP but the former were younger. TDP43-IR was observed in 36%; the most frequently affected region was the medulla; alpha S-IR was observed in 19% of subjects. In 41% of the subjects from 80 to 89 years at death, 3 altered proteins were seen in the brain. Thus, altered proteins are common in the brains of cognitively unimpaired aged subjects; this should be considered while developing diagnostic biomarkers, particularly for identifying subjects at early stages of neurodegenerative diseases
Smad3 -signalling and Th2 cytokines in normal mouse airways and in a mouse model of asthma
<p>This study investigates the role of Smad3 signalling for the T-helper2 (Th2) cytokine homeostasis in normal lungs and in a mouse model of asthma.</p> <p>We used mice deficient for Smad3, a central part of the major signal transduction pathway for TGF-β and other related cytokines, and a mouse model for allergic asthma with ovalbumin (OVA) as the antigen.</p> <p>Compared to wild type mice, naive (unmanipulated) Smad3-/- mice exhibited significantly increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and IL-4 as well as the Th2 associated transcription factor GATA-3 in the lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). In the asthma model, mucin secretion and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) after allergen exposure was significantly increased in the Smad3-/- mice as compared to wild type (WT) mice. IL-4 levels in Smad3-/- were similar to those encountered in WT mice but IL-13 levels were decreased in the airways of OVA sensitized Smad3-/- mice compared to corresponding WT mice.</p> <p>The results indicate that a lack of Smad3 dependent signalling in the normal state will lead to an increase in the GATA-3 levels and as a result of this the levels of IL-4 increase. However, the lack of Smad3 also seems to inhibit expression of some cytokines, especially IL-13. Our results also indicate that in the inflammatory state TGF-β or related cytokines functions to counterbalance the effects of IL-4 rather than to critically regulate its expression.</p