The magnitude of black/hispanic disparity in COVID-19 mortality across United States Counties during the first waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objectives: To quantify the Black/Hispanic disparity in COVID-19 mortality in the United States (US). Methods: COVID-19 deaths in all US counties nationwide were analyzed to estimate COVID-19 mortality rate ratios by county-level proportions of Black/Hispanic residents, using mixed-effects Poisson regression. Excess COVID-19 mortality counts, relative to predicted under a counterfactual scenario of no racial/ethnic disparity gradient, were estimated. Results: County-level COVID-19 mortality rates increased monotonically with county-level proportions of Black and Hispanic residents, up to 5.4-fold (=43% Black) and 11.6-fold (=55% Hispanic) higher compared to counties with <5% Black and <15% Hispanic residents, respectively, controlling for county-level poverty, age, and urbanization level. Had this disparity gradient not existed, the US COVID-19 death count would have been 92.1% lower (177,672 fewer deaths), making the rate comparable to other high-income countries with substantially lower COVID-19 death counts. Conclusion: During the first 8 months of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the US experienced the highest number of COVID-19 deaths. This COVID-19 mortality burden is strongly associated with county-level racial/ethnic diversity, explaining most US COVID-19 deaths.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Development and psychometric evaluation of data collection tools for Iranian integrated road traffic injury registry: Registrar-station data collection tool

Background: Comprehensive and accurate data are fundamentally needed for effective management of road traffic injuries (RTIs). Existing sources of RTI reports have a huge underestimation and inaccuracy at some levels. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the registrar-station data collection tool as a part of the Iranian Integrated Road Traffic Injury Registry (IRTIR). Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2018. A data collection tool was developed to be used by the registrar for inpatient section of IRTIR by information retrieved from the literature review and road traffic experts' need assessment. The content validity of the preliminary tool was assessed. The feasibility of the tool was tested in two regional referral injury hospitals. Intra- and inter-rater reliability of the tool was evaluated using the individual/absolute intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Kappa. Validity was revisited after 1 year of the pilot study. Results: The registrar-station data collection tool of IRTIR included 53 items, in five categories. Content validity was approved (modified content validity index was 0.8-1 and content validity ratio was one for all items). ICC was >0.6 for all items, and kappa index ranged between 0.69 and 0.92. The nurse data collection tool of IRTIR was applicable in the pilot phase. Conclusions: The Registrar-Station data collection tool of IRTIR was confirmed as a valid and reliable tool for inpatient traffic injuries as a part of the Iranian IRTIR

Une philosophie du droit en islam ? Un exemple iranien

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Liberté de religion et droits de l'homme : une mise en oeuvre parfois délicate [en ligne]

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La justice divine dans la mystique persane : droit naturel et Révélation

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Anciens et Modernes ? Idéal de justice et révolution constitutionnelle en Iran (1905-1911)

Durant la période de la Révolution constitutionnelle en Perse (1905-1911) divers acteurs politiques et sociaux prônent dans leurs discours et leurs publications des conceptions différentes et variées de la justice, une justice conçue à la fois en tant qu’idéal mais également en tant qu’institution. À travers deux exemples, nous tentons ici d’illustrer ces diverses approches qui expriment pour les unes une vision islamique du droit et du pouvoir et pour les autres une vision laïque et occidentale de l’État et du système judiciaire.During the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1911, different conceptions and discourses on the notion of justice developed and revealed the political positions of their authors, notably towards Europe. Justice was apprehended as an ideal, religious or secular, that had to be implemented in Iran notably through specific institutions and a rationally organized judiciary system. We will examine here two different points of view, religious and secular, which express the diversity of opinions that characterized this period regarding this important topic of justice

Le modèle juridique et judiciaire français, source d’acculturation au Moyen Orient : entre humanisme et imamisme

En 1939 un juriste iranien, A. Amir-Soleymani, témoin direct de la réception du droit français en Iran, écrit : Nous considérons le Code civil iranien comme un symbole de la nationalisation du droit iranien et nous sommes heureux que désormais, le cauchemar de l’islamisation du droit [...] n’existe plus. Cette déclaration quelque peu paradoxale (par quel biais l’adoption du droit français permet-elle une « nationalisation du droit iranien »?) est pourtant l’expression des aspirations d’une él..

Ostad Elahi et la modernité: droit, philosophie et magistrature en Iran

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La justice iranienne vue par les diplomates et les orientalistes français (XIXe –XXe siècles) : le regard sur soi à travers le regard de l’autre

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