CLUSTERING BASED ROUTING FOR DELAY- TOLERANT NETWORKS

ABSTRACT Delay-tolerant networking (DTN) is an approach to computer network Clustering significantly reduces the energy consumption of a cluster. In this paper, a cluster based routing protocol for Delay-Tolerant Mobile Networks (DTMNs) is used. Exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) scheme is employed for on-line updating region contact probability, with its mean proven to converge to the true contact probability. The gateway nodes exchange network information and perform routing. It uses clustering's structure to decrease overhead, average end-to-end delay and improve the average packet delivery ratio

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Not AvailableAntioxidant enzymes play a major role in scavenging reactive oxygen species that arise during somatic embryogenesis (SE). Activity levels of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were investigated during developmental stages of SE of Musa acuminata Colla (AAA group) ‘Grand Naine’ and Musa spp. (AAB group) ‘Rasthali’. Using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, five POX isoforms were detected in ‘Rasthali’, and four POX isoforms were observed in ‘Grand Naine’. The POX1 isoform was highly expressed in non-embryogenic callus (NEC) of both cultivars, and the POX2 isoform was present in somatic embryos (se) at 0, 30, 45, and 60 d of development of ‘Rasthali’, but not ‘Grand Naine’. Among two CAT isoforms, the CAT2 isoform showed higher expression in embryonic stages than in vegetative stages in explants and NEC of both cultivars. A total of five SOD isoforms detected in different developmental stages of both cultivars, SOD4 and SOD5, were detected only during the developmental stages of se. The enzyme assay showed that the highest CAT and SOD activity was in embryogenic callus (EC) of both cultivars, whereas activity of POX was reduced in EC. During somatic embryo development, the activity of SOD, POX, and CAT was found to be higher in the early globular stage than in the later coleoptilar stage embryos. During germination, the activity of SOD and POX was found to be higher in germinating se of ‘Grand Naine’. The specifically detected isoforms can be used as biochemical markers.ICAR-NRC

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Not AvailableGermination of somatic embryos (se) is an important event in a whole somatic embryogenesis (SE) process. Though the well matured somatic embryos of banana were placed on the germination medium with complete contact only 50% of the somatic embryos were germinated into plantlets having either shoots, roots or sometimes both. Hence in order to increase the germination efficacy it is essential to understand the molecular basis underlying the process of germination. In the present study, we have analyzed differential proteome expression between germinating somatic embryo (Gse) and non germinating somatic embryos (NGse) of cv. Grand Naine by using two dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by MALDI-TOF MS/MS analysis. In total 16 protein spots were differentially expressed between Gse and NGse in which 15 were successfully identified. In that, 14 spots were upregulated and 1 spot was downregulated in Gse than NGse. High accumulation of SAUR auxin responsive proteins and cold stress proteins like 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase and Oleosin were highly expressed in Gse than NGse. Hence SAUR triggering factors like NAA, and GA3 were supplemented in the germination medium in three combinations along with cold treatments of 4°C at 0 hr, 12 hr and 24 hr. High germination efficiency of 93% was observed in 24 hr treated embryos in medium supplemented with 1mg/L NAA and 0.5 mg/L GA3.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSomatic embryogenesis is an important tool for crop improvement through transgenic approach and even for gene editing. It has been hypothesized regularly for large-scale propagation of banana which necessitates basic data on genetic fidelity and field performance of the plants towards ensure the commercial feasibility of the technique. Plantlets regenerated from embryogenic cell suspension (ECS) cultures established using immature male flower buds were examined for genetic fidelity using Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers. Results showed that the primers UBC 808, UBC 811 and UBC 841 each generated one polymorphic band with an overall variation in banding pattern of 3.34 and 2.09% in cvs. Grand Naine and Rasthali respectively. Field evaluation of the ECS derived plants showed that there were no negative effects on the vegetative and yield parameters. Remarkably no phenotypic off-types were observed in this field trial. The level of genetic variation observed in this study is not an obstacle for further uptake of this novel propagation technique.Not Availabl

Optimal Routing Algorithm used in Wireless Mesh Networks for Energy Efficiency

Wireless networking has witnessed an explosion of interest from consumers in recent years for its applications in mobile and personal communications. As wireless networks become an integral component of the modern communication infrastructure, energy efficiency will be an important design consideration due to the limited battery life of mobile terminals. Power conservation techniques are commonly used in the hardware design of such systems. Low energy can lead to propagation delay. Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) is commonly considered the most suitable architecture because of their versatility that allows flexible configurations. In this paper we implement Optimal routing algorithm for energy efficiency in wireless mesh networks. We can achieve energy efficiency by allocating constant bit rate in wireless mesh networks. As a result we can overcome propagation delay

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Not AvailableEndogenous hormone secretion proteins along with stress and defense proteins play predominant role in banana embryogenesis. This study reveals the underlying molecular mechanism during transition from vegetative to embryogenic state.ICAR, ICAR-NRC