Tobacco waste in Bosnia and Herzegovina – problem or high-value material?

Duhan se na području Bosne i Hercegovine proizvodi još od prve polovice 17. stoljeća, a sedamdesetih i osamdesetih godina prošlog stoljeća proizvodnja doživljava svoj vrhunac, nakon čega slijedi stagnacija i naglo opadanje proizvodnje. Ipak duhan se na području Bosne i Hercegovine, još uvijek uzgaja kao važna poljoprivredna kultura. Zbog neorganiziranog otkupa kao i nedostatka nadzora od strane države Bosne i Hercegovine nad proizvodnjom duhana, proizvođači svu svoju proizvodnju duhana plasiraju na sivo tržište u obliku poluproizvoda, rezanog duhana, poznatog na ostalim tržištima kao hercegovačka škija, dok na području Posavine postoji organizirani otkup, no niska otkupna cijena, proizvođače stavlja u izuzetno težak položaj. Je li revitalizacija duhana na području Bosne i Hercegovine moguća? Općeprihvaćeno mišljenje je da je revitalizacija nekadašnjeg načina uzgoja duhana zbog promjena preferencija potrošača, tipova cigareta i promjene tehnologije obrade duhana nemoguća. No potrebno je tražiti alternativne načine plasiranja ovih tipova duhana, kao duhana za motanje, te kao autohtonih proizvoda. Jedna od najvažnijih komponenti je i uloga države, s obzirom da duhan podliježe posebnom sustavu trošarina i poreza. U lancu vrijednosti, od poljoprivrednih proizvođača, do prerađivača, važna komponenta je i zbrinjavanje otpada. S obzirom da je duhanski otpad, bogat izvor visokovrijednih komponenti koje su i prikazane u ovom preglednom radu, njegovo iskorištavanje moglo bi dati dodatnu vrijednost i podići nisku otkupnu cijenu duhana, a ujedno riješiti i problem zbrinjavanja ovog opasnog otpada.Tobacco has been produced in Bosnia and Herzegovina since the first half of the 17th century, and during the 70’s and 80’s of the 20th century, the manufacturing has reached its peak. After that period, the production rapidly stagnates. However, tobacco is still being cultivated in many areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina as an important crop. Due to the unorganized buyout as well as the lack of tobacco growing supervision from the authorities, tobacco manufacturers launch their products to grey markets as semi-manufactured products. On the other markets these products are well-known as Herzegovinian škija. In the Posavina region there is an organized buyout, but the buying prices are low and it puts the manufacturers in a difficult position. Is the revitalization of tobacco growing possible? The opinion is that the revitalization of the traditional growing of tobacco is impossible due to the changes in consumers’ preferences, in types of cigarettes and in the manufacturing technology. However, there is a need to search for alternative launching ways for these tobacco sorts, with a focus on rolling tobacco and other local products. The role of the state plays one of the most important components, because there are special excise duties as well as a tax system on tobacco. In this value chain, from growing to the processing of the product, waste management plays an important role. Due to the fact that tobacco waste is a rich source of valuable components which is reviewed in this paper, its usage could present an added value and increase the tobacco prices, and, at the same time, solve the problem of disposing this dangerous waste

Viola odorata: Influence of supercritical fluid extraction on the efficiency of ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds

This study aimed at examining the effect of supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) extraction on the subsequent extraction of the Viola odorata polar bioactive components. The raw material was firs submitted to ScCO2 extraction for the extraction of the lipophilic fraction. Then the exhausted raw material was subjected to ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) in order to extract the polar components. ScCO2 extraction was performed under the pressure of 300 bar and at a temperature of 40 °C for 4 hours. In order to see the effect of ScCO2, the UAE and MAE (50% aqueous ethanol solution as solvent) were conducted on both exhausted (residue-after the ScCO2) and unexploited raw materials. Also, the impact of the various UAE and MAE conditions was tested. The UAE was conducted on two different temperatures (40 and 50 °C) at the constant extraction time (40 and 20 min). MAE was conducted on two different extraction powers (470 and 800 W) and at the constant extraction time (10 min). The results were focused on the content of total phenols, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity of the obtained extracts. The yield during the ScCO2 process was 1.43% (w/w). It was noted that the extracts obtained by applying UAE and MAE after the ScCO2 were noticeably richer in the content of total phenols. UAE conditions of 40 °C and 20 min showed the highest yield of total phenols, recording 70.38 mg GAE/g DE, while the MAE at the power of 470 W achieved 11.89% higher yield of polyphenols in residue extracts. The antioxidant activity has also been in correlation with the concentration of polyphenols

DIETARY HABITS OF STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MOSTAR

Uvod i cilj: Prehrambene navike se stječu u ranom stadiju života. Upravo tijekom razdoblja studiranja mladi ljudi najčešće se po prvi put suočavaju sa samostalnošću i kreiraju vlastite životne, pa tako i prehrambene navike. Iz tog razloga cilj rada bio je ispitati prehrambene navike studenata Sveučilišta u Mostaru, te utvrditi u kojoj se mjeri one podudaraju s preporučenim smjernicama za pravilnu prehranu. Metode: Ispitivanje je provedeno primjenom anonimnog, jednokratnog upitnika, sa pitanjima zatvorenog tipa, koji je obuhvatio podatke o spolu, učestalosti dnevnih obroka i doručka, zatim o količini i vrsti unesene tekućine, konzumaciji grickalica i različitih vrsta hrane na tjednoj bazi, te korištenju dodataka prehrani. Rezultati: Prikupljeni podaci su izraženi na cjelokupnu ispitivanu populaciju, te na podskupine kreirane obzirom na spol. U usporedbi s preporučenim dnevnim porcijama različitih vrsta hrane konzumacija voća i povrća je poprilično mala, kao i konzumacija ribe. Dobiveni podaci o prehrambenim navikama ukazuju na male razlike među spolovima. Zaključak: Istraživanje na temu prehrambenih navika studenata bilježi odstupanja od preporuka za zdrav životni stil, te je poželjno organizirati različite radionice i predavanja na temu pravilne prehrane, kako bi se studenti educirali o pravilnoj prehrani sukladnoj njihovim potrebama.Introduction and objective: Dietary habits are acquired in the early stages of life. During the University years young people are usually faced with independence for the first time and tend to create their own lifestyle and dietary habits. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine dietary habits of students of the University of Mostar, and to determine the extent to which they match with guidelines for proper nutrition. Methods: The study was performed using an anonymous, one-time questionnaire, with closed- ended questions, that included the data about gender, frequency of daily meals and breakfast, about the amount and type of liquids consumed, as well as the snacks, consumption of different kinds of foods on a weekly basis, and the usage of nutritional supplements. Results: The collected data are expressed on the whole study group, as well as on the subgroups created considering gender. Compared to guidelines for different kinds of foods our data show that the consummation of fruits and vegetables is rather low, as for the fish. The obtained data about dietary habits show some small differences among the gender. Conclusion: This study shows deviation from the guidelines for healthy lifestyle. It is advisable to organize different workshops and lectures on this topic, to educate students about proper nutrition that comply with their physical needs

Intensification of Polyphenols Extraction from Mandarin Peel by High Voltage Electric Discharge: Effect of Process Parameters and Optimisation

Konzumacija svježih citrusa, ali i njihova prerada generiraju nusproizvode, kao što su kora, sjemenke, pulpa, kao i otpadne vode. Cilj ovog istraživanja je valorizacija agroindustrijskih nusproizvoda (kore citrusa) kao vrijedne sirovine za ekstrakciju polifenola primjenom inovativne netermalne metode ekstrakcije sa zelenim otapalom (voda). U ekstraktima je kvantificirano i identificirano ukupno šest fenolnih spojeva. Pri tome je promatran utjecaj vremena (od 5 do 15 min), frekvencije (od 40 do 100 Hz) i omjera kapljevito/kruto (od 200 do 400 ml g–1) na efikasnost procesa ekstrakcije (iskorištenje) i udio dominantnih fenolnih spojeva (hesperidina i narirutina). Uz pomoć metode odzivnih površina definirani su optimalni parametri promatranog procesa ekstrakcije za svaki od istraživanih odziva, i to za iskorištenje (285,93 ml g–1, 73,38 Hz i 14,84 min), za hesperidin (366,19 ml g–1, 97,56 Hz i 5,1 min) te za narirutin (200 ml g–1, 70 Hz i 15 min). Ekstrakcija potpomognuta visokonaponskim električnim pražnjenjem (HVED ekstrakcija) pokazala se pogodnom za ekstrakciju fenolnih spojeva, pri čemu je izbjegnuta uporaba organskih otapala.The peel of the Okitsu variety of mandarin is created as a by-product of the fruit’s growth and processing. The primary goal of this research was to use a unique nonthermal extraction method (high-voltage electric discharge assisted) with green solvent (water) to valorise citrus peel as a valuable raw material. In October 2020, samples (citrus peel) were collected from the farm of Mr. Dalibor Ujević (Opuzen, Hrvatska). Samples were washed, freeze-dried, and sieved before extraction. The effects of extraction process parameters, such as treatment duration (5–15 min), frequency (40–100 Hz), and liquid to solid ratio (200–400 ml g–1) on the extraction yield and content of hesperidin and narirutin were studied. Spectrophotometric methods were used to assess the antiradical activity and total phenolic content of the extracts. Individual phenolic components were identified and quantified using HPLC method. The extraction process parameters were optimised with a commercial softer tool (Design Expert®) using experimental data gathered using the Box-Behnken experimental design. Experiments were conducted as shown in Tables 1 and 2. The extraction yield was ranked from 359.23 to 463.20, the total phenol values ranged from 96.23 to 275.46 mg GAE l–1, DPPH values ranged from 87.08 to 94.93 %. Total phenol content and antiradical activity decreased with increasing extraction time, as shown in Fig. 1. Six phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, predominated by hesperidin and narirutin (Table 3). The regression models for all tested HVED extraction responses were significant (p-value under 0.05) based on the acquired data, and the quality of the models produced was evaluated based on the coefficients of determination (R2) and Lack of Fit value. The obtained R2 values for all models developed were 0.911; 0.844, and 0.845 with a nonsignificant lack of fit, indicating an adequate relationship between input parameters (extraction conditions) and observed variable, in this case, extraction efficiency, hesperidin and narirutin content (Table 4). The obtained data was utilised to create three-dimensional (3D) response surface graphs, as shown in Figs. 2–4. The regression models within this study were predicted by Eqs. (1)–(3). With response surface methodology (RSM), optimal parameters of HVED extraction process were defined, as follows: extraction yield (285.93 ml g–1, 73.38 Hz and 14.84 min), hesperidin content (366.19 ml g–1, 97.56 Hz, and 5.1 min), and narirutin content (200 ml g–1, 70 Hz, and 15 min), as presented in Table 5, together with predicted and experimentally verified values

Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Tobacco Waste using Deep Eutectic Solvents

Duhanski otpad je kruti otpad, a njegove vrste međusobno se razlikuju po granulaciji i mjestu izdvajanja u procesu proizvodnje. Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti učinkovitost eutektičkih otapala u ekstrakciji bioaktivnih komponenti iz duhanskog industrijskog otpada (refabrikat, rebro i prašina). Ispitan je utjecaj procesnih parametara (vrijeme miješanja, temperatura i udio vode u otapalu) na svojstva samog ekstrakta (ukupne fenole, antiradikalnu aktivnost, udio klorogenske kiseline i rutina). Metodom odzivne površine određeni su optimalni parametri ekstrakcije (30 min, 70 °C, 29,99 % vode). Provedeno istraživanje ogleda se u maksimalnom iskorištavanju nusproizvoda duhanske industrije, a rezultira visokovrijednim ekstraktima koji se mogu implementirati u druge procese i proizvode. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna.Tobacco waste is a solid waste highly diverse in granulation and point of separation in the manufacturing process. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of eutectic solvents in the extraction of bioactive compounds from tobacco waste. Influence of extraction parameters on the properties of the obtained extracts (total phenol, antioxidant activity, chlorogenic acid, and rutin) has been determined. Using response surface methodology, optimal parameters were defined (30 min, 70 °C, 29.99 % water). The meaning of the proposed research is reflected in the maximum utilization of the tobacco by-product in order to obtain extracts that can be implemented in other products and processes. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Application of innovative extraction techniques of bioactive compounds from tobacco waste

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj četiri inovativne tehnike ekstrakcije: ekstrakcija potpomognuta ultrazvukom (UAE), ekstrakcija potpomognuta mikrovalovima (MAE), superkritična $CO_{2}$ ekstrakcija ($SC-CO_{2}$) te ekstrakcija vodom u supkritičnom stanju (SWE) na iskorištenje i sadržaj bioaktivnih spojeva u duhanskom otpadu (refabrikat, prašina i rebro) koji nastaje tijekom industrijske prerade lista. U ekstraktima su primjenom tekućinske i/ili plinske kromatografije određeni isparljivi spojevi, fenolni spojevi te nikotin, a primjenom spektrofotometrijskih metoda određena je antiradikalna aktivnost i sadržaj ukupnih fenola. U SC-$CO_{2}$ ekstraktima određen je i masnokiselinski sastav primjenom plinske kromatografije s plameno-ionizacijskim detektorom. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata uočen je značajan utjecaj primijenjenih procesnih parametara na promatrane odzive (iskorištenje ekstrakcije, sadržaj klorogenske kiseline i nikotina). Primjenom metode odzivnih površina određeni su optimalni parametri svake pojedine tehnike ekstrakcije. Od ispitivanih tehnika ekstrakcije, primjenom UAE dobiven je najveći sadržaj klorogenske kiseline, dok se MAE pokazala pogodnom za ekstrakciju nikotina. Primjenom SWE dobiveni su ekstrakti bogati fenolnim spojevima i nikotinom, no primjena viših temperatura (200-250 °C) uzrokovala je nastanak degradacijskih produkata. $SC-CO_{2}$ ekstrakcija pokazala se pogodnom za ekstrakciju nepolarnih spojeva (isparljivih spojeva i masnih kiselina), gdje je identificicran nikotin (1,6 %), a dominantna masna kiselina bila je palmitinska kiselina (21,84 %). Od promatrana tri otpada, refabrikat se pokazao najbogatijim bioaktivnim spojevima u usporedbi s listom duhana kao polaznom sirovinom. U konačnici, da bi se u potpunosti iscrpio biljni materijal, pristupilo se valorizaciji refabrikata kroz kombinaciju dvije ekstrakcijske tehnike ($SC-CO_{2}$ i SWE). Dvostupanjska ekstrakcija dala je najbolje rezultate, te predstavlja inovativan pristup valorizaciji ove vrste otpada istovremeno dajući maksimalno iskorištenje ekstrakcije (74,05 %), uz znatno veći zastupljenosti nikotina (4,67 %) i fenolnih spojeva: klorogenske kiseline (0,74 %), neoklorogenske kiseline (0,46 %), rutina (1,03 %).The aim of this study was to determine the influence of four innovative extraction techniques: ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical $CO_{2}$ extraction ($SC-CO_{2}$) and subcritical water extraction (SWE) on the yield and content of bioactive compounds in tobacco waste extracts. Three fractions of tobacco waste, generated during the industrial processing of leaves (scrap, dust and midrib), were used for the extractions and were compared with the leaf as the starting material. Volatile compounds, phenolic compounds and nicotine were determined in the extracts using liquid and/or gas chromatography. Additionally, total phenol content and antioxidant activity were determined using spectrophotometric assays. In $SC-CO_{2}$ extracts, the fatty acid composition was determined using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Based on the obtained results, a significant influence of the applied process parameters on the responses (extraction yield, chlorogenic acid content and nicotine) was observed. Using the response surface methodology, the optimal parameters of each extraction technique were determined. Of the four extraction techniques observed, UAE yielded the highest chlorogenic acid content, while MAE proved to be suitable for nicotine extraction. Using SWE, extracts rich in phenolic compounds and nicotine were obtained, but due to the application of higher temperatures (200-250 °C), the formation of degradation products was observed. $SC-CO_{2}$ showed high selectivity for the extraction of non-polar compounds, particularly targeted fatty acids (the dominant was palmitic acid) and volatile compounds (nicotine was the most abundant). Among the three wastes observed, the scrap proved to be the richest in bioactive compounds. In order to obtain completely exhaust waste material, a two-stage extraction process ($SC-CO_{2}$ + SWE) was conducted on the scrap. With twostage extraction ($SC-CO_{2}$ + SWE), the highest extraction efficiency (74.05%) and significantly higher abundance of nicotine (4.67%) and of phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid (0.74%), neochlorogenic acid (0.46%) and rutin (1.03%)) were obtained. Therefore, two-stage extraction ($SC-CO_{2}$ + SWE) represents an innovative approach to the valorization of tobacco waste

Application of innovative extraction techniques of bioactive compounds from tobacco waste

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj četiri inovativne tehnike ekstrakcije: ekstrakcija potpomognuta ultrazvukom (UAE), ekstrakcija potpomognuta mikrovalovima (MAE), superkritična $CO_{2}$ ekstrakcija ($SC-CO_{2}$) te ekstrakcija vodom u supkritičnom stanju (SWE) na iskorištenje i sadržaj bioaktivnih spojeva u duhanskom otpadu (refabrikat, prašina i rebro) koji nastaje tijekom industrijske prerade lista. U ekstraktima su primjenom tekućinske i/ili plinske kromatografije određeni isparljivi spojevi, fenolni spojevi te nikotin, a primjenom spektrofotometrijskih metoda određena je antiradikalna aktivnost i sadržaj ukupnih fenola. U SC-$CO_{2}$ ekstraktima određen je i masnokiselinski sastav primjenom plinske kromatografije s plameno-ionizacijskim detektorom. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata uočen je značajan utjecaj primijenjenih procesnih parametara na promatrane odzive (iskorištenje ekstrakcije, sadržaj klorogenske kiseline i nikotina). Primjenom metode odzivnih površina određeni su optimalni parametri svake pojedine tehnike ekstrakcije. Od ispitivanih tehnika ekstrakcije, primjenom UAE dobiven je najveći sadržaj klorogenske kiseline, dok se MAE pokazala pogodnom za ekstrakciju nikotina. Primjenom SWE dobiveni su ekstrakti bogati fenolnim spojevima i nikotinom, no primjena viših temperatura (200-250 °C) uzrokovala je nastanak degradacijskih produkata. $SC-CO_{2}$ ekstrakcija pokazala se pogodnom za ekstrakciju nepolarnih spojeva (isparljivih spojeva i masnih kiselina), gdje je identificicran nikotin (1,6 %), a dominantna masna kiselina bila je palmitinska kiselina (21,84 %). Od promatrana tri otpada, refabrikat se pokazao najbogatijim bioaktivnim spojevima u usporedbi s listom duhana kao polaznom sirovinom. U konačnici, da bi se u potpunosti iscrpio biljni materijal, pristupilo se valorizaciji refabrikata kroz kombinaciju dvije ekstrakcijske tehnike ($SC-CO_{2}$ i SWE). Dvostupanjska ekstrakcija dala je najbolje rezultate, te predstavlja inovativan pristup valorizaciji ove vrste otpada istovremeno dajući maksimalno iskorištenje ekstrakcije (74,05 %), uz znatno veći zastupljenosti nikotina (4,67 %) i fenolnih spojeva: klorogenske kiseline (0,74 %), neoklorogenske kiseline (0,46 %), rutina (1,03 %).The aim of this study was to determine the influence of four innovative extraction techniques: ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical $CO_{2}$ extraction ($SC-CO_{2}$) and subcritical water extraction (SWE) on the yield and content of bioactive compounds in tobacco waste extracts. Three fractions of tobacco waste, generated during the industrial processing of leaves (scrap, dust and midrib), were used for the extractions and were compared with the leaf as the starting material. Volatile compounds, phenolic compounds and nicotine were determined in the extracts using liquid and/or gas chromatography. Additionally, total phenol content and antioxidant activity were determined using spectrophotometric assays. In $SC-CO_{2}$ extracts, the fatty acid composition was determined using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Based on the obtained results, a significant influence of the applied process parameters on the responses (extraction yield, chlorogenic acid content and nicotine) was observed. Using the response surface methodology, the optimal parameters of each extraction technique were determined. Of the four extraction techniques observed, UAE yielded the highest chlorogenic acid content, while MAE proved to be suitable for nicotine extraction. Using SWE, extracts rich in phenolic compounds and nicotine were obtained, but due to the application of higher temperatures (200-250 °C), the formation of degradation products was observed. $SC-CO_{2}$ showed high selectivity for the extraction of non-polar compounds, particularly targeted fatty acids (the dominant was palmitic acid) and volatile compounds (nicotine was the most abundant). Among the three wastes observed, the scrap proved to be the richest in bioactive compounds. In order to obtain completely exhaust waste material, a two-stage extraction process ($SC-CO_{2}$ + SWE) was conducted on the scrap. With twostage extraction ($SC-CO_{2}$ + SWE), the highest extraction efficiency (74.05%) and significantly higher abundance of nicotine (4.67%) and of phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid (0.74%), neochlorogenic acid (0.46%) and rutin (1.03%)) were obtained. Therefore, two-stage extraction ($SC-CO_{2}$ + SWE) represents an innovative approach to the valorization of tobacco waste

Formation and characterization of fucus virsoides j. agardh pigment–polyethylene glycol microparticles produced

The particles from the gas-saturated solutions (PGSS) process was employed to micronize brown algae pigments separated by different extraction techniques. The particle formation of pigments with a coating material, polyethylene glycol (PEG), was carried out by the PGSS process using supercritical CO2. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed to characterize the produced particles, while encapsulation efficiency was determined using spectrophotometric methods. The physical properties of obtained microparticles were also determined. The PGSS process enabled a high encapsulation yield in the range from 61.60 to 73.73%, and high encapsulation efficiency in terms of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content. The release of CO2 during the PGSS process gave the microparticles their characteristic open and porous form, and enhanced the solubility and flow properties at the same time

Formation and Characterization of Fucus virsoides J. Agardh Pigment–Polyethylene Glycol Microparticles Produced Using PGSS Process

The particles from the gas-saturated solutions (PGSS) process was employed to micronize brown algae pigments separated by different extraction techniques. The particle formation of pigments with a coating material, polyethylene glycol (PEG), was carried out by the PGSS process using supercritical CO2. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed to characterize the produced particles, while encapsulation efficiency was determined using spectrophotometric methods. The physical properties of obtained microparticles were also determined. The PGSS process enabled a high encapsulation yield in the range from 61.60 to 73.73%, and high encapsulation efficiency in terms of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content. The release of CO2 during the PGSS process gave the microparticles their characteristic open and porous form, and enhanced the solubility and flow properties at the same time

High Voltage Electric Discharge for Recovery of Chlorogenic Acid from Tobacco Waste

Three fractions of tobacco waste (scrap, dust and midrib) were subjected to a high voltage electric discharge (HVED) assisted extraction procedure under different experimental conditions: solvent:solid ratio (300, 500, 700 mL/g), frequency (40, 70, 100 Hz) and treatment time (15, 30, 45 min), in order to study the influence of these conditions on the content of chlorogenic acid. The content of chlorogenic acid ranged from 1.54 to 3.66 mg/100 g for scrap, from 1.90 to 2.97 mg/100 g for dust, and from 2.30 to 3.38 mg/100 g for midrib extract, showing a strong dependence on the applied process parameters. The temperature change and the change in pH and electrical conductivity of the extracts after high voltage discharge treatment were also observed. The studied process parameters showed a statistically significant effect on the chemical and physical properties of the extracts from tobacco waste as well as on the content of chlorogenic acid, indicating the potential of HVED assisted processes in the separation of chlorogenic acid from tobacco industry waste. Multiple regression analysis was used to fit the results for the chlorogenic acid to a second order polynomial equation and the optimum conditions were determined