Outpatient healthcare and sanitary conditions in Slavonski Brod from 1918 to 1957

U radu se opisuje četrdesetogodišnji razvoj izvanbolničkoga zdravstva i promjena u zdravstvenim prilikama u Slavonskom Brodu. Od kraja rata pa sve do 1935. godine dužnost gradskoga fizika obavljao je dr. Emanuel Kovačić. Na toj ga je dužnosti naslijedio dr. Milenko Kajganović, koji je tu dužnost obavljao sve do pred kraj Drugoga svjetskoga rata, kada je dužnost gradskoga fizika ukinuta. Gotovo cijelo opisano razdoblje karakteriziraju borbe s epidemijama: od španjolske gripe, pjegavca, malarije, tuberkuloze, crijevnih zaraznih bolesti (salmoneloze i dizenterija), do dječjih zaraznih bolesti, difterije, šarlaha, ospica i drugih. Opisani su i razvoj pojedinih ustanova te značajnije kadrovske promjene. Korištena je do sada objavljena literatura, ali i brojni podatci iz izvora Državnoga arhiva u Slavonskom Brodu.This paper describes the forty years of outpatient healthcare development and changes in the sanitary conditions in Slavonski Brod. From the end of World War I to 1935 the position of the city\u27s physician was held by doctor Emanuel Kovačić. He was succeeded by doctor Milenko Kajganović, who held the position until the end of World War II, when the position of the city\u27s physician was cancelled. This entire period was characterized by the struggles with outbreaks of various diseases: from the Spanish flu, spotted typhus, malaria, tuberculosis, infectious intestinal diseases (salmonellosis and dysentery), to infectious childhood diseases, diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles and others. The development of certain institutions, as well as significant personnel changes during this period are also described. The article was written using all available published literature, and also numerous documents preserved at the State Archives in Slavonski Brod

HEALTH AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN BROD NA SAVI DURING WORLD WAR I

Na temelju arhivskih izvora u radu su rekonstruirane socijalne i zdravstvene prilike za vrijeme Prvog svjetskog rata u Brodu na Savi. Tada je u tom gradu živjelo oko 10.000 stanovnika, a zbog velikog broja vojnika i ranjenika koji su primani u vojne bolnice dolazi do neravnoteže u proizvodnji i potrošnji hrane, premda stanovništvo još uvijek ne gladuje. Brod u to vrijeme ima tri bolnice. Gradska bolnica „Franje Josipa I“ za građanstvo i dvije vojne bolnice: Pričuvna bolnica („Reservespital“) i Zarazna bolnica („Epidemiespital“). Ranjeni i bolesni vojnici primani su isključivo u vojne bolnice. Iz dokumenata je vidljivo da se među civilnim stanovništvom javlja tipična ratna patologija unutar koje se ističu posebice tuberkuloza, malarija, crijevne zarazne bolesti, difterija, te spolne bolesti. Tijekom 1915. je kroz pet mjeseci vladala i kolera, a krajem 1918. zavladala je i „Španjolska gripa“. Veliki broj ranjenika i bolesnih vojnika, koji su stizali u ovdašnje vojne bolnice, povremeno je punio osim bolničkih kapaciteta i sve školske prostore. U vojnim je bolnicama umrlo preko dvije tisuće ljudi, koji su sahranjeni na vojnom groblju u gradu.During World War I, social and health conditions were difficult in Brod na Savi, as it stationed a large number of troops, and the military hospital was crowded with patients. With so many able-bodied men and breadwinners mobilised, the town’s economy verged on the brink of poverty, but people managed to keep starvation at bay. The most common diseases among civilians were tuberculosis, malaria, intestinal infectious diseases, diphtheria, and venereal diseases, and in 1915 cholera broke out that lasted five months. At the end of 1918 “Spanish flu” also hit the town. The number of wounded and sick soldiers occasionally surpassed the hospital’s capacity, so they had to be stationed at the local school facilities for a while. Over two thousand people died in the military hospital, which suggests that the total number of patients who went through the hospital had to be very large. Unfortunately, there are no records to show the hospital’s mortality rate or disease prevalence. We are currently trying to establish the demographics of the 2000 dead buried at the local cemetery during WWI using the death records we have

WORLD WAR I AS SEEN BY FRANCISCANS OF SLAVONSKI BROD

Trajna je i duboka veza Franjevaca i Broda. Ona traje stoljećima, jer su Franjevci u gradu prisutni i u tursko doba. Oni su prvi dušobrižnici grada nakon što je 1691. oslobođen od Turaka, a prisutni su u današnjem gradu crkvom, samostanom i vođenjem Franjevačke gimnazije, koja radi od 1995. . Njihova kronika kojom su opisivali događaje od 1706. do 1932. često je važan izvor povijesnih podataka, osobito za lokalnu povijest. U članku je opisano kako su Franjevci u Brodu na Savi proživjeli i doživjeli Prvi svjetski rat. U početku su lojalni austro-ugarski građani, koji s velikim žarom vjeruju u konačnu pobjedu na svim frontovima. Kako se okolnosti u društvu zbog rata brzo pogoršavaju, pomalo se javlja razočaranje i sumnja u vrijednost zadanih ciljeva. Sve više se osjeća sveslavenska solidarnost, a na kraju i oduševljenje stvaranjem nove države južnih Slavena, koju zajedno s građanima Broda doživljavaju kao oslobođenje, prije svega od austrijske i mađarske vlasti. Samostan je cijelirat služio kao Pričuvna vojna bolnica sa 145 kreveta za vojnike i 21 krevetom za časnike.There is a profound and permanent connection between Franciscans and Slavonski Brod (formerly known as Brod na Savi). It has lasted for centuries, as Franciscans were present in the town even during the Turkish occupation. They were the first town pastors after its independence from the Turks in 1691 and are present today with churches, monasteries, and the Franciscan High School, which opened in 1995. Their chronicles describing the events from 1706 to 1932 are an important source of historical information, especially for local historians. This article describes the life of Franciscans in Brod na Savi during the First World War. Initially, they were loyal Austro-Hungarian citizens who passionately believed in the ultimate victory on all fronts. However, war circumstances quickly lead to a disappointment and doubt. Slavic solidarity increased as the war progressed, and in the end Franciscans were delighted with the establishment of the new country of South Slavs, which they perceived as a means to free the nation from the Austrian and Hungarian authorities. Throughout the war, the Convent served as a reserve military hospital with 145 beds for the soldiers and 21 beds for officers

The hospital in Slavonski Brod from 1918 to 1957

U radu se opisuje razvoj Bolnice u razdoblju od kraja Prvoga svjetskoga rata do ujedinjenja Bolnice i izvanbolničkoga zdravstva u jednu ustanovu nazvanu Zdravstveni centar. U tih četrdesetak godina promijenile su se tri države, a dogodio se i Drugi svjetski rat. Bolnica je krajem Prvoga svjetskoga rata imala 84 kreveta, uz dodatne kapacitete u Zaraznom paviljonu od 10 kreveta i 27 kreveta u baraci. Ukupno je bilo dvadesetak zaposlenih, od kojih dva liječnika i sedam medicinskih sestara. Uz civilnu bolnicu, sve do kraja Drugoga svjetskoga rata u Slavonskom Brodu djeluje i Vojna bolnica u brodskoj tvrđavi. U trenutku formiranja Zdravstvenoga centra 1957. godine imala je 350 zaposlenika, od kojih 36 liječnika (osam u općoj medicini), 21 medicinsku sestru i 53 bolničara. Bolnica je imala kapacitet od 452 kreveta. Grad Slavonski Brod imao je 1919. godine oko 10 000 stanovnika, a do 1957. broj stanovnika povećao se na približno 30 000. Zdravstveni centar, poslije Medicinski centar, u Slavonskom Brodu bio je prvi takav oblik organizacije zdravstva u bivšoj Jugoslaviji. Nekoliko godina nakon Slavonskoga Broda takvu su organizaciju postupno uvodili svi gradovi koji su imali bolnice, osim većih gradova – Zagreba, Osijeka, Rijeke i Splita – koji jedini u Hrvatskoj nisu imali medicinske centre. U radu je korištena sva do sada objavljena literatura o tom razdoblju razvoja Bolnice, ali i dokumentacija o zdravstvu koja se čuva u Državnom arhivu u Slavonskom Brodu (HD-DASB).The paper describes the development of the hospital from the end of World War I to the unification of the hospital and outpatient healthcare into a single institution called the Health Centre. In that forty-year period, three social systems (countries) changed and World War II happened. By the end of World War I the hospital had 84 beds with additional capacities of 10 beds in the pavilion for contagious diseases and 27 more in the barracks. In total, there were around 20 employees, out of which two doctors and seven nurses. Beside the civilian hospital, there was also a military hospital in Brod fortress that remained open until the end of World War II. At the moment the Health Centre was formed in 1957 there were 350 employees, out of which 36 doctors (8 practised general medicine), 21 nurses and 53 technicians. The hospital’s capacity was 452 beds. The city of Slavonski Brod had around 10,000 inhabitants in 1919, and the number grew to 30,000 by 1957. The Health Centre, later the Medical Centre of Slavonski Brod was the first healthcare organization of its kind in the entire former Yugoslavia. Few years after Slavonski Brod, such an organization was adopted by all the cities with hospitals except the major cities. In Croatia, only Zagreb, Osijek, Rijeka and Split did not have such medical centres. The article was written using all available published literature about this period of the development of the hospital, and also the healthcare documentation preserved at the State Archives in Slavonski Brod

Utjecaj trajanja i tipa šećerne bolesti na moždanu hemodinamiku

A group of 100 patients aged 48-67 years, with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, and control group of 100 healthy subjects were examined by transcranial Doppler sonography, a modern and sophisticated diagnostic method for visualization of hemodynamic changes in basal cerebral arteries in real time. The aim of the study was to determine hemodynamic changes in cerebral arteries in diabetic patients, and to analyze the effect of duration and type of diabetes on cerebrovascular disease. The rate of transcranial Doppler sonography abnormalities was statistically significantly higher in diabetic patients than in control subjects (55% vs. 11%, 2=, p<0.05). The duration and type of diabetes were found to have an impact on the development of pathologic cerebrovascular changes. Hemodynamic impairments were more common in type 1 than in type 2 diabetes patients (72.5% vs. 43.3%). The study suggested the duration of diabetes to predict for the development of atherosclerotic processes in cerebral vessels. Atherosclerotic changes were found in 34.0% and 71.4% of patients suffering from diabetes for <5 and ≥5 years, respectively. In all diabetic patients, signs of cerebral microangiopathy were significantly more commonly recorded than those of cerebral macroangiopathy.Transkranijska Doplerska sonografija, vrhunska dijagnostička metoda za prikaz hemodinamskih promjena u bazalnim moždanim arterijama u stvarnom vremenu, primijenjena je u 100 bolesnika u dobi između 48 i 67 godina s dijagnozom šećerne bolesti, te u kontrolnoj skupini od 100 zdravih ispitanika. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi hemodinamske promjene u moždanim arterijama u dijabetičnih bolesnika, te utjecaj trajanja i tipa šećerne bolesti na razvoj cerebrovaskularne bolesti. Nađena je statistički značajno veća zastupljenost patoloških nalaza transkranijske doplerske sonografije u dijabetičnoj skupini negoli u kontrolnoj skupini (p<0,05). Utvrđeno je da trajanje i tip dijabetesa utječu na razvoj patoloških promjena na moždanim arterijama. Bolesnici s dijabetesom tip 1 češće su imali hemodinamske promjene negoli oni s dijabetesom tip 2 (72,5% prema 43,3%). S druge strane, istraživanje je pokazalo da je trajanje šećerne bolesti značajan predskazatelj razvoja cerebrovaskularne bolesti. Aterosklerotske promjene nađene su u 34% dijabetičara koji su bolovali od dijabetesa kraće od 5 godina, te u 71,4% onih koji su od dijabetesa bolovali 5 godina i duže. U svih dijabetičnih bolesnika znatno su češće nađeni znaci cerebralne mikroangiopatije negoli makroangiopatije

Štampar’s Views on the Health Education Of School Pupils, Medical Students, and Physicians

Prosvjetiteljstvo i pučka prosvjeta bili su Štamparova opsesija od mladosti. Uz to, uvijek je pokazivao i veliko zanimanje za zdravstveni odgoj u školama, ali i za nastavu na medicinskim fakultetima te za trajnu edukaciju diplomiranih liječnika. Prvi je put predložen za fakultetskoga nastavnika već 1922. godine, ali je tek osnivanjem Banovine Hrvatske dobio dozvolu za rad na Medicinskom fakultetu u Zagrebu. Tada je već imao 51 godinu. Vrlo brzo, već 1940. postao je dekan Medicinskoga fakulteta u Zagrebu, ali je nažalost tu karijeru prekinuo Drugi svjetski rat. Tijekom rata bio je interniran u Austriji, a nakon rata nastavio je raditi kao fakultetski nastavnik i ravnatelj Škole narodnoga zdravlja, koju je od 1947. godine uključio u fakultetsku dodiplomsku i postdiplomsku nastavu. Od 1952. godine pa do kraja života u ljeto 1958. godine pet puta za redom biran je za dekana Medicinskoga fakulteta u Zagrebu. Osnivač je drugoga medicinskoga fakulteta u Hrvatskoj, onoga u Rijeci 1956. godine. U okviru Medicinskog fakulteta u Zagrebu sredinom pedesetih godina XX. st. otvara Višu školu za medicinske sestre. Uvodi i dvogodišnju školu za bolničare, nakon završenoga osnovnog školovanja. Iako se fakultetskom nastavom bavio samo 15 godina, uglavnom pred kraj života, ipak je pridonio i tom području, prije svega stalnim nastojanjima u afirmaciji preventivne medicine, higijene i socijalne medicine.Public enlightenment and civic education were Štampar’s obsessions since the beginnings of his career, but he also showed great interest in improving health education in schools as well as in teaching at faculties of medicine and providing long-term education of graduate physicians. He was first recommended for professorship as early as 1922, but it was only after the founding of the Banovina (Banate) of Croatia that he was granted a license for working at the Faculty of Medicine in Zagreb. He was 51 at the time. Soon afterwards, in 1940, he became Dean of the Faculty of Medicine in Zagreb but, unfortunately, World War II interrupted his career. He was interned in Austria during the war and, after its end, continued working as a university professor and director of the School of Public Health. In 1947, he became involved in undergraduate and postgraduate studies at the School of Public Health. From 1952 until his death in summer 1958, he was elected five times in a row as Dean of the Faculty of Medicine in Zagreb. During that time, he founded the second faculty of medicine in Croatia, in Rijeka in 1956. He also opened a college for nurses within the frame of the Faculty of Medicine in the mid-1950s, and introduced a two-year school for nurses, which they attended after completing elementary education. Thus, A. Štampar was effectively involved in faculty teaching for only 15 years, mainly towards the end of his life: two years before World War II and 13 years after it. Nevertheless, his work left a deep trace, above all in the form of constant efforts to affirm preventive medicine, hygiene, and social medicine

The hospital in Slavonski Brod from 1918 to 1957

U radu se opisuje razvoj Bolnice u razdoblju od kraja Prvoga svjetskoga rata do ujedinjenja Bolnice i izvanbolničkoga zdravstva u jednu ustanovu nazvanu Zdravstveni centar. U tih četrdesetak godina promijenile su se tri države, a dogodio se i Drugi svjetski rat. Bolnica je krajem Prvoga svjetskoga rata imala 84 kreveta, uz dodatne kapacitete u Zaraznom paviljonu od 10 kreveta i 27 kreveta u baraci. Ukupno je bilo dvadesetak zaposlenih, od kojih dva liječnika i sedam medicinskih sestara. Uz civilnu bolnicu, sve do kraja Drugoga svjetskoga rata u Slavonskom Brodu djeluje i Vojna bolnica u brodskoj tvrđavi. U trenutku formiranja Zdravstvenoga centra 1957. godine imala je 350 zaposlenika, od kojih 36 liječnika (osam u općoj medicini), 21 medicinsku sestru i 53 bolničara. Bolnica je imala kapacitet od 452 kreveta. Grad Slavonski Brod imao je 1919. godine oko 10 000 stanovnika, a do 1957. broj stanovnika povećao se na približno 30 000. Zdravstveni centar, poslije Medicinski centar, u Slavonskom Brodu bio je prvi takav oblik organizacije zdravstva u bivšoj Jugoslaviji. Nekoliko godina nakon Slavonskoga Broda takvu su organizaciju postupno uvodili svi gradovi koji su imali bolnice, osim većih gradova – Zagreba, Osijeka, Rijeke i Splita – koji jedini u Hrvatskoj nisu imali medicinske centre. U radu je korištena sva do sada objavljena literatura o tom razdoblju razvoja Bolnice, ali i dokumentacija o zdravstvu koja se čuva u Državnom arhivu u Slavonskom Brodu (HD-DASB).The paper describes the development of the hospital from the end of World War I to the unification of the hospital and outpatient healthcare into a single institution called the Health Centre. In that forty-year period, three social systems (countries) changed and World War II happened. By the end of World War I the hospital had 84 beds with additional capacities of 10 beds in the pavilion for contagious diseases and 27 more in the barracks. In total, there were around 20 employees, out of which two doctors and seven nurses. Beside the civilian hospital, there was also a military hospital in Brod fortress that remained open until the end of World War II. At the moment the Health Centre was formed in 1957 there were 350 employees, out of which 36 doctors (8 practised general medicine), 21 nurses and 53 technicians. The hospital’s capacity was 452 beds. The city of Slavonski Brod had around 10,000 inhabitants in 1919, and the number grew to 30,000 by 1957. The Health Centre, later the Medical Centre of Slavonski Brod was the first healthcare organization of its kind in the entire former Yugoslavia. Few years after Slavonski Brod, such an organization was adopted by all the cities with hospitals except the major cities. In Croatia, only Zagreb, Osijek, Rijeka and Split did not have such medical centres. The article was written using all available published literature about this period of the development of the hospital, and also the healthcare documentation preserved at the State Archives in Slavonski Brod