Endocarditis in pregnancy and postpartum: cases in a prospective adult cohort and literature review

Objective: Pregnancy and postpartum infective endocarditis (PPIE), although uncommon, is a very serious condition. To describe cases of infectious endocarditis (IE) in in a cohort of adults with IE in a Brazilian center and to review data from the recent literature on the subject. Methods: Cases of definite IE by the modified Duke criteria in adults were retrieved in a contemporary cohort of adults with IE from January 2006 to December 2020.  Literature review on the topic was carried out and case reports on PPIE from 2014 to 2020 were compiled. Results: Two cases of PPIE were found in 401 adult patients with IE, with a prevalence of 0.5% in the cohort, of 2/139 (1.4%) among women and 2/83 (2.4%) of women of reproductive age (18 -49 years) in this same cohort. The search for published case reports from 2014 to 2020 resulted in 61 episodes of PPIE; in these, 7 pregnant women (11.4%), 10 fetuses (16.4%) and 1 premature newborn (1.6%) died. There was a previous valve predisposition in 12 (19.7%) cases and intravenous drug use in 14(23%). Left-sided valves were the most frequently affected in 41 (67.2%) of the cases. The most common isolated infectious agent was methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in 18/61 (29.5%) patients, although as a group, oral viridans streptococci accounted for 16/61 (26.2%). Valve surgery was done for 70% of patients. Conclusions: Intravenous drug use remained to be the main risk factor for IE. Mortality remained high for mothers and their children, despite the fact surgery was done more frequently in the recent cases. In the case of fever without an obvious focus in pregnant or post-partum women, the diagnosis of IE must be readily considered, especially in those with prosthesis and/or intravenous drug use