Análisis del impacto de medidas no arancelarias en las exportaciones de uvas frescas peruanas hacia Estados Unidos en el marco del APC Perú-EE. UU, durante los años 2008-2020

El comercio internacional actualmente es uno de los pilares de la economía mundial brindando ventajas a los países permitiendo que tengan una mayor oferta exportable lo cual se refleja en la mejora de sus ingresos. En el caso Perú y Estados con la implementación y firma del Tratado de Libre Comercio se logro un mayor acceso de productos entre estos lo agrícolas, los que principalmente destacan frente a la competencia. El trabajo de investigación busca determinar el impacto de las medidas no arancelarias en las exportaciones de uvas frescas peruanas hacia Estados Unidos en el marco del APC Perú-EE. UU, durante los años 2008-2020. En los últimos doce años las exportaciones de uvas frescas han crecido de manera constante, por lo cual existen algunos factores que han sido determinantes para este desarrollo. La investigación tiene como fin conocer como las medidas no arancelarias como las MSF, las OTC y los certificados de calidad han influido en estas exportaciones. Para esto se realizará análisis de tipo mixto, estudiando las tres variables mencionadas con dos tipos de enfoque. En primer lugar, el enfoque cualitativo, para el cual se realizaron entrevistas semi estructuradas con expertos en el sector agroexportador, empresas exportadoras de uvas frescas e instituciones gubernamentales. En segundo lugar, para el enfoque cuantitativo se desarrolló un modelo de gravedad utilizando datos obtenidos de BCRP, PROMPERU, entre otros. El resultado de ambos análisis dio como resultado que las medidas no arancelarias en cuestión influyen de manera positiva a las exportaciones de uvas frescas.International trade is currently one of the pillars of the world economy, providing advantages to countries allowing them to have a greater exportable supply, which is reflected in the improvement of their income. In the case of Peru and the States, with the implementation and signing of the Free Trade Agreement, greater access to products was achieved, including agricultural products, which mainly stand out against the competition. The research work seeks to determine the impact of non-tariff measures on exports of fresh Peruvian grapes to the United States within the framework of the Peru-US APC. UU, during the years 2008-2020. In the last twelve years, exports of fresh grapes have grown steadily, which is why there are some factors that have been determining factors for this development. The purpose of the investigation is to know how non-tariff measures such as SPS, OTC and quality certificates have influenced these exports. For this, a mixed type of analysis will be carried out, studying the three variables mentioned with two types of approach. First, the qualitative approach, for which semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts in the agro-export sector, fresh grape export companies and government institutions. Second, for the quantitative approach, a gravity model was developed using data obtained from BCRP, PROMPERU, among others. The result of both analyzes showed that the non-tariff measures in question positively influence exports of fresh grapes.Tesi

Factores que influyen en la decisión de compra de los consumidores en los e-commerce mediante la modalidad de la última milla en Lima Metropolitana.

Esta investigación trata sobre los factores que afectan la decisión de compra de los consumidores en los e-commerce en el Perú mediante la tendencia de la última milla. Asimismo, estos hallazgos ya se han presentado en otros países del mundo y con el crecimiento de los e-commerce en el país es importante estar actualizados respecto al tema. Para ello, se realizó una investigación cuantitativa mediante el uso de una encuesta a 246 personas en Lima Metropolitana entre 18 y 35 años que hayan usado tecnologías de auto servicio como Rappi, Glovo, etc. antes de la pandemia causada por el COVID-19 y luego de la pandemia se volvieron a realizar 246 encuestas y así concluir qué factores son más determinantes y afectan su intención de compra y comportamiento de uso. Los resultados de las encuestas pre pandemia muestran que la mayoría consideran los riesgos financieros, de privacidad y de tiempo como principales factores a tomar en cuenta antes de hacer uso del servicio, mientras que en el análisis estadístico se observó una relación entre la satisfacción percibida del cliente y su intención de compra. Por otro lado, los resultados obtenidos post pandemia, muestran que los consumidores no considerarían mucho el riesgo percibido (de cualquier tipo) como un factor de decisión de compra. Se considera que la investigación contribuye a las ciencias económicas y empresariales, ya que en un contexto donde las compras online y la tendencia de la última milla aumenta, son factores que las empresas deberán tomar en cuenta antes de brindar el servicio para una mejor atención al cliente

Diabetes Mellitus: fator de risco para toxicidade de medicamentos

Objective: To assess the effect of the antibiotic Gentamicin in an experimental model in the presence of Diabetes Mellitus through renal function and oxidative profile. Method: Adult male Wistar rats were distributed into groups: Citrate; Gentamicin (Genta), (intraperitoneal, i.p. gentamicin, 100 mg/kg of body weight, once a day,5 days); DM (60 mg/kg of STZ (Streptozotocin), single dose, intravenously, i.v., diluted in citrate buffer); and DM+Genta. Physiological parameters, renal function (creatinine clearance), oxidative damage (peroxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances – urinary TBARS) and renal hemodynamics were evaluated. Results: The Diabetes Mellitus group presented chronic hyperglycemia associated with loss of body weight, polyphagia, polydipsia and polyuria, in addition to reduced renal function and with an increase in oxidative metabolite excretion. Administration of gentamicin induced a reduction in renal blood flow and increased renal vascular resistance in healthy rats. The association of Diabetes Mellitus with gentamicin resulted in an additional reduction in renal function and elevation of oxidative metabolites, with increased renal vascular resistance. Conclusion: The existence of Diabetes Mellitus resulted in an elevation of gentamicin nephrotoxicity, thus confirming the risk factor for drug nephrotoxicity.Objective: To assess the effect of the antibiotic Gentamicin in an experimental model in the presence of Diabetes Mellitus through renal function and oxidative profile. Method: Adult male Wistar rats were distributed into groups: Citrate; Gentamicin (Genta), (intraperitoneal, i.p. gentamicin, 100 mg/kg of body weight, once a day,5 days); DM (60 mg/kg of STZ (Streptozotocin), single dose, intravenously, i.v., diluted in citrate buffer); and DM+Genta. Physiological parameters, renal function (creatinine clearance), oxidative damage (peroxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances – urinary TBARS) and renal hemodynamics were evaluated. Results: The Diabetes Mellitus group presented chronic hyperglycemia associated with loss of body weight, polyphagia, polydipsia and polyuria, in addition to reduced renal function and with an increase in oxidative metabolite excretion. Administration of gentamicin induced a reduction in renal blood flow and increased renal vascular resistance in healthy rats. The association of Diabetes Mellitus with gentamicin resulted in an additional reduction in renal function and elevation of oxidative metabolites, with increased renal vascular resistance. Conclusion: The existence of Diabetes Mellitus resulted in an elevation of gentamicin nephrotoxicity, thus confirming the risk factor for drug nephrotoxicity

Influence of Salix babylonica extract in combination or not with increasing levels of minerals mixture on in vitro rumen gas production kinetics of a total mixed ration

Plant extracts, with high concentrations of secondary metabolites, are good candidates for enhancing nutrient utilization (Patra et al., 2006; Cedillo et al., 2014). Administration of Salix babylonica (SB) extract to ruminants as feed additives modified in vitro ruminal fermentation in lambs (Jiménez-Peralta et al., 2011; Salem et al., 2014b), improved in vivo digestibility as well as average daily gain of lambs (Salem et al., 2011a, 2014b) and milk production (Salem et al., 2014a). Some plant extracts also improved animal growth and nutrient digestion (Mapiye et al., 2010; Salem et al., 2011a) due to positive impacts of their secondary metabolites on activity of ruminal microorganisms (Jiménez-Peralta et al., 2011) and/or increased amino acid flow to the duodenum (Mueller-Harvey, 2006). This can result in more muscle deposition and, consequently, heavier carcasses (Gleghorn et al., 2004) and improved meat quality (Mapiye et al., 2010).The aim of this study was to determine the effects of increasing levels of two feed additives composed of Salix babylonica (SB) extract and minerals mixture (MM) or their combination on in vitro gas production (GP) and dry matter (DM) degradability of total mixed ration (TMR; 50 concentrate: 50 corn silage, on DM basis). Combinations of four levels of SB extract (0, 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 mL/g DM) with four levels of MM (0, 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 g/100 g DM) were evaluated in a completely random design. Samples of TMR (1 g) were weighed in 120 mL serum bottles with addition of SB extract and/or MM. Then, 10 mL of particle free ruminal fluid were added followed by 40 mL of the buffer solution. The GP was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. Addition of SB extract, without MM, increased (P<0.05) asymptotic GP (mL/g DM), the rate of GP (/h), GP and DM degradability (DMD)

Association of adverse perinatal outcomes of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy with biochemical markers: results of aggregate and individual patient data meta-analyses

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, but the association with the concentration of specific biochemical markers is unclear. We aimed to quantify the adverse perinatal effects of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in women with increased serum bile acid concentrations and determine whether elevated bile acid concentrations were associated with the risk of stillbirth and preterm birth. We did a systematic review by searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases for studies published from database inception to June 1, 2018, reporting perinatal outcomes for women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy when serum bile acid concentrations were available. Inclusion criteria were studies defining intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy based upon pruritus and elevated serum bile acid concentrations, with or without raised liver aminotransferase concentrations. Eligible studies were case-control, cohort, and population-based studies, and randomised controlled trials, with at least 30 participants, and that reported bile acid concentrations and perinatal outcomes. Studies at potential higher risk of reporter bias were excluded, including case reports, studies not comprising cohorts, or successive cases seen in a unit; we also excluded studies with high risk of bias from groups selected (eg, a subgroup of babies with poor outcomes were explicitly excluded), conference abstracts, and Letters to the Editor without clear peer review. We also included unpublished data from two UK hospitals. We did a random effects meta-analysis to determine risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. Aggregate data for maternal and perinatal outcomes were extracted from case-control studies, and individual patient data (IPD) were requested from study authors for all types of study (as no control group was required for the IPD analysis) to assess associations between biochemical markers and adverse outcomes using logistic and stepwise logistic regression. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42017069134. We assessed 109 full-text articles, of which 23 studies were eligible for the aggregate data meta-analysis (5557 intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy cases and 165 136 controls), and 27 provided IPD (5269 intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy cases). Stillbirth occurred in 45 (0·83%) of 4936 intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy cases and 519 (0·32%) of 163 947 control pregnancies (odds ratio [OR] 1·46 [95% CI 0·73-2·89]; I2=59·8%). In singleton pregnancies, stillbirth was associated with maximum total bile acid concentration (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [ROC AUC]) 0·83 [95% CI 0·74-0·92]), but not alanine aminotransferase (ROC AUC 0·46 [0·35-0·57]). For singleton pregnancies, the prevalence of stillbirth was three (0·13%; 95% CI 0·02-0·38) of 2310 intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy cases in women with serum total bile acids of less than 40 μmol/L versus four (0·28%; 0·08-0·72) of 1412 cases with total bile acids of 40-99 μmol/L (hazard ratio [HR] 2·35 [95% CI 0·52-10·50]; p=0·26), and versus 18 (3·44%; 2·05-5·37) of 524 cases for bile acids of 100 μmol/L or more (HR 30·50 [8·83-105·30]; p<0·0001). The risk of stillbirth is increased in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and singleton pregnancies when serum bile acids concentrations are of 100 μmol/L or more. Because most women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy have bile acids below this concentration, they can probably be reassured that the risk of stillbirth is similar to that of pregnant women in the general population, provided repeat bile acid testing is done until delivery. Tommy's, ICP Support, UK National Institute of Health Research, Wellcome Trust, and Genesis Research Trust

una mirada desde las Ciencias de la Conducta

Este libro es el resultado de los trabajos presentados en el 1er Congreso Internacional "Convivencia y bienestar con sentido humanista para una cultura de paz"

Histological and serological features of acute liver injury after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination

Codoni G, Kirchner T, Engel B, Villamil AM, Efe C, Stättermayer AF, Weltzsch JP, Sebode M, Bernsmeier C, Lleo A, Gevers TJ, Kupčinskas L, Castiella A, Pinazo J, De Martin E, Bobis I, Sandahl TD, Pedica F, Invernizzi F, Del Poggio P, Bruns T, Kolev M, Semmo N, Bessone F, Giguet B, Poggi G, Ueno M, Jang H, Elpek GÖ, Soylu NK, Cerny A, Wedemeyer H, Vergani D, Mieli-Vergani G, Lucena MI, Andrade RJ, Zen Y, Taubert R, Beretta-Piccoli BT, Histological and serological features of acute liver injury after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, JHEP Reports (2022), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100605.Liver injury with autoimmune features after vaccination against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is increasingly reported. We investigated a large international cohort of patients with acute hepatitis arising after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, focusing on histological and serological features