Seismic Tremor Reveals Spatial Organization and Temporal Changes of Subglacial Water System

©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.Subglacial water flow impacts glacier dynamics and shapes the subglacial environment. However, due to the challenges of observing glacier beds, the spatial organization of subglacial water systems and the time scales of conduit evolution and migration are largely unknown. To address these questions, we analyze 1.5‐ to 10‐Hz seismic tremor that we associate with subglacial water flow, that is, glaciohydraulic tremor, at Taku Glacier, Alaska, throughout the 2016 melt season. We use frequency‐dependent polarization analysis to estimate glaciohydraulic tremor propagation direction (related to the subglacial conduit location) and a degree day melt model to monitor variations in melt‐water input. We suggest that conduit formation requires sustained water input and that multiconduit flow paths can be distinguished from single‐conduit flow paths. Theoretical analysis supports our seismic interpretations that subglacial discharge likely flows through a single‐conduit in regions of steep hydraulic potential gradients but may be distributed among multiple conduits in regions with shallower potential gradients. Seismic tremor in regions with multiple conduits evolves through abrupt jumps between stable configurations that last 3–7 days, while tremor produced by single‐conduit flow remains more stationary. We also find that polarized glaciohydraulic tremor wave types are potentially linked to the distance from source to station and that multiple peak frequencies propagate from a similar direction. Tremor appears undetectable at distances beyond 2–6 km from the source. This new understanding of the spatial organization and temporal development of subglacial conduits informs our understanding of dynamism within the subglacial hydrologic system.Raw seismic data described in this paper are available through the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology Data Management Center (http://ds.iris.edu/mda/ZQ? timewindow=2015‐2016; Amundson et al., 2015). The raw weather data used in this paper can be found through the Arctic Data Center (https://doi.org/ 10.18739/A2H98ZC7V; Bartholomaus & Walter, 2018). Python code developed to carry out the analyses presented here is available at https://github.com/ voremargot/Seismic‐Tremor‐Reveals‐ Spatial‐Organization‐and‐Temporal‐ Changes‐of Subglacial‐Water‐System and https://github.com/ tbartholomaus/med_spec. This study was made possible with support from the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics and the University of Idaho. We thank Ginny Catania for the loan of weather stations. J. P. W.'s and J. M. A.'s contributions to this work were supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (OPP‐1337548 and OPP‐ 1303895). T. C. B. thanks Dylan Mikesell for an early conversation, which inspired the analysis presented here.Ye

Seismic Tremor Reveals Spatial Organization and Temporal Changes of Subglacial Water System

©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.Subglacial water flow impacts glacier dynamics and shapes the subglacial environment. However, due to the challenges of observing glacier beds, the spatial organization of subglacial water systems and the time scales of conduit evolution and migration are largely unknown. To address these questions, we analyze 1.5‐ to 10‐Hz seismic tremor that we associate with subglacial water flow, that is, glaciohydraulic tremor, at Taku Glacier, Alaska, throughout the 2016 melt season. We use frequency‐dependent polarization analysis to estimate glaciohydraulic tremor propagation direction (related to the subglacial conduit location) and a degree day melt model to monitor variations in melt‐water input. We suggest that conduit formation requires sustained water input and that multiconduit flow paths can be distinguished from single‐conduit flow paths. Theoretical analysis supports our seismic interpretations that subglacial discharge likely flows through a single‐conduit in regions of steep hydraulic potential gradients but may be distributed among multiple conduits in regions with shallower potential gradients. Seismic tremor in regions with multiple conduits evolves through abrupt jumps between stable configurations that last 3–7 days, while tremor produced by single‐conduit flow remains more stationary. We also find that polarized glaciohydraulic tremor wave types are potentially linked to the distance from source to station and that multiple peak frequencies propagate from a similar direction. Tremor appears undetectable at distances beyond 2–6 km from the source. This new understanding of the spatial organization and temporal development of subglacial conduits informs our understanding of dynamism within the subglacial hydrologic system.Raw seismic data described in this paper are available through the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology Data Management Center (http://ds.iris.edu/mda/ZQ? timewindow=2015‐2016; Amundson et al., 2015). The raw weather data used in this paper can be found through the Arctic Data Center (https://doi.org/ 10.18739/A2H98ZC7V; Bartholomaus & Walter, 2018). Python code developed to carry out the analyses presented here is available at https://github.com/ voremargot/Seismic‐Tremor‐Reveals‐ Spatial‐Organization‐and‐Temporal‐ Changes‐of Subglacial‐Water‐System and https://github.com/ tbartholomaus/med_spec. This study was made possible with support from the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics and the University of Idaho. We thank Ginny Catania for the loan of weather stations. J. P. W.'s and J. M. A.'s contributions to this work were supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (OPP‐1337548 and OPP‐ 1303895). T. C. B. thanks Dylan Mikesell for an early conversation, which inspired the analysis presented here.Ye

Self-management in Transition for Patients with a Rheumatic Disease

People with a rheumatic disease (RD) can still experience many problems in both physical and psychosocial areas despite the good treatments. These problems can change over time. The people must be able to deal with the disease and the consequences in daily life, thus self-management of the disease. The main questions of this thesis were: ___1) What do patients with an RD prefer with regard to self-management support and what are the unmet needs that might impede self-management (support)?___ Several studies were conducted to investigated the (unmet) needs of patients with any rheumatic disease. We could conclude that the current care does not meet the (self-management)needs for adolescents with a RD in the phase of transition. Patients primarily see self-management as their own task, but they still appreciated support to help achieve this. Self-management support must coaches patients in developing problem-solving skills for managing the medical, emotional and social challenges experienced in dealing with a rheumatic disease in daily life. Patients have difficulties to cope with topic like stress, finding balance, social roles etc. These topics can lead according to the patients to a discrepancies of the perceived disease activity between health professionals and patients. Fatigue is an unmet need with a large impact on quality of life, and it is still unmanageable in many patients. Despite a strict treat-to-target strategy, fatigue is in almost 50% present at the start of the disease and remained an overall problem during the first year of treatment. Monitoring fatigue may be important in managing fatigue. ___2.What self-management support interventions can improve the care for adult and young patients with an RD?___ We developed a model for self-monitoring by predicting the disease activity with patient reported outcomes. Self-monitoring is an important self-management skill. Using the score and evolvement different patient reported outcomes over time to predict future DAS28 moderate to high disease activity resulted in a moderate performance (sensitivity 0.61, specificity 0.75). To support patients’ self-management, we developed and implemented a smartphone-application (RD-app). A before-after study was designed to measure the effects of use of the RD-app on patients’ self-management behavior after implementation of the RD-app. The self-management scale did not changed after 3 months. The RD-app seemed to be beneficial for participants in their need to get more grip on the disease by receiving tips, information on exercises and gaining insight in self-reported disease activity. A quantitative cross-sectional observational study was performed to evaluate the clinical transition pathway. This study showed that the implementation of the clinical transition pathway has led to a substantial improvement of patient care during the transitional process – leading to a low drop-out rate and a high satisfaction with transition. High scores on the self-reported self-efficacy scale suggest that these youngsters have achieved sufficient skills and are confident to successfully manage their disease

Creatine Kinase, Creatine Kinase‑MM, and the Isoforms of Creatine Kinase‑MM Following a Competitive Swimming Workout

Serum levels of total creatine kinase (CK), CK-MM and the isoform of CD-MM were measured in 14 male competitive collegiate swimmers. The purpose of this study was to observe changes in CK and the isoforms of CK-MM following a competitive swim training session. Venous blood samples were taken before and immediately following a 5550 yard training session. The main series in the workout consisted of a 27 minute, minimal rest interval set designed to obtain a moderately heavy physical effort. Total CK, composed predominantly of CK-MM, increased significantly (

Seismic Tremor Reveals Spatial Organization and Temporal Changes of Subglacial Water System

Subglacial water flow impacts glacier dynamics and shapes the subglacial environment. However, due to the challenges of observing glacier beds, the spatial organization of subglacial water systems and the time scales of conduit evolution and migration are largely unknown. To address these questions, we analyze 1.5‐ to 10‐Hz seismic tremor that we associate with subglacial water flow, hat is, glaciohydraulic tremor, at Taku Glacier, Alaska, throughout the 2016 melt season. We use frequency‐dependent polarization analysis to estimate glaciohydraulic tremor propagation direction (related to the subglacial conduit location) and a degree day melt model to monitor variations in melt‐water input. We suggest that conduit formation requires sustained water input and that multiconduit flow paths can be distinguished from single‐conduit flow paths. Theoretical analysis supports our seismic interpretations that subglacial discharge likely flows through a single‐conduit in regions of steep hydraulic potential gradients but may be distributed among multiple conduits in regions with shallower potential gradients. Seismic tremor in regions with multiple conduits evolves through abrupt jumps between stable configurations that last 3–7 days, while tremor produced by single‐conduit flow remains more stationary. We also find that polarized glaciohydraulic tremor wave types are potentially linked to the distance from source to station and that multiple peak frequencies propagate from a similar direction. Tremor appears undetectable at distances beyond 2–6 km from the source. This new understanding of the spatial organization and temporal development of subglacial conduits informs our understanding of dynamism within the subglacial hydrologic system

Focus group interviews reveal reasons for differences in the perception of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis

Objective: Doctors frequently see patients who have difficulties coping with their disease and rate their disease activity high, despite the fact that according to the doctors, the disease activity is low. This study explored the patients’ perspectives on this discordance that may help to understand why for some patients, usual care seems to be insufficient. Methods: In our qualitative study we conducted focus group interviews where questions were used as a guideline. Transcripts were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Findings: Twenty-nine patients participated in four focus groups. Participants could not put their finger exactly on why doctors estimated that their disease activity was low, while they experienced high levels of disease activity. During the in-depth focus interviews, seven themes emerged that appeared related to high experienced disease activity: (1) perceived stress, (2) balancing activities and rest, (3) medication intake, (4) social stress, (5) relationship with professionals, (6) comorbidity, and (7) physical fitness. Conclusion: When patients were asked why their view of their disease activity was different from that of their physician, seven themes emerged. The way participants coped with these themes seemed to be the predominant concept. Specific interventions that focus on one or more of the reported themes and on coping may improve not only the quality of life of these patients but also the satisfaction with the patient–doctor relationship for both parties

What support is needed to self-manage a rheumatic disorder: a qualitative study

__Background:__ Today, patients are expected to take an active role in the form of self-management. Given the burden of a rheumatic disorder, the patients cannot be expected to self-manage on their own. In order to develop self-management interventions that fit patients' needs and preferences, it is essential to examine patients' perspective on how support can be optimized. This study aimed to identify support needs of outpatients with rheumatic disorders and preferences for who should provide self-management support. __Methods:__ A qualitative study was conducted using focus groups and individual interviews with outpatients with rheumatic disorders treated in a Dutch university hospital. Interview data was analysed with Directed Content Analysis and coded with predetermined codes derived from our model about support needs of chronically ill patients. This model distinguished three types of support: instrumental, psychosocial and relationa

Structural, optical and electrical properties of a Schottky diode fabricated on Ce doped ZnO nanorods grown using a two step chemical bath deposition

Please read abstract in the article.The South African Research Foundation (NRF) grant no: 91550 and 111744.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/mssp2019-11-15hj2018Physic

Structural, optical and electrical properties of the fabricated Schottky diodes based on ZnO, Ce and Sm doped ZnO films prepared via wet chemical technique

In this study, we fabricated Schottky diode devices on ZnO, Sm and Ce doped and co-doped ZnO thin films grown by the sol–gel spin coating. The structural and optical properties of the sol–gel films are studied, and the electrical characteristics of the Schottky diodes are investigated. The crystalline structure and surface morphology were studied using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Photoluminescence spectroscopy of all films measured at room temperature showed that the UV emission peak was composed of two peaks located at 388 and 405 nm and no visible light emission was detected. UV–vis study revealed that the optical band gap of ZnO decreased after doping. Room temperature I–V characterization revealed a rectification behaviour of all samples. The Schottky diodes fabricated on (Sm and Ce) co-doped ZnO manifest device properties with good rectification (six orders of magnitude), low ideality factor (1.62) and barrier height of 0.82 eV.The South African National Research Foundation (NRF) grant no: 91550 and 111744.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/matresbuhj2019Physic