Mechanizmy rezistencie k suchu v rastlinách špenátu siateho (Spinacia oleracea L.) a štvorbôčiku rozložitého (Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze) počas dehydratácie pôdy

In the pot experiments with commercial genotypes of common spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze) genotypic differences were studied in the capacity for osmotic adjustment occurred under progressive drought. The degree of plant drought tolerance was characterized through quantification of stomatal conductance, free proline and pigment contents. Water stress negatively affected the water regime of plants of all studied genotypes. Under the well-hydrated conditions, a non-significant genotypic difference was observed in the relative water content (RWC) (P=0.545) and osmotic potential (ψS) (P=0.637), respectively. The significant genotypic differences were observed in stomatal conductance (P<0.001). In the terminal phase of dehydration cycle, the statistically significant genotype differences (P<0.01) in RWC and ψS, as well as in the capacity for osmotic adjustment (P=0.032) was recorded. Moreover, a significant correlation between the osmotic adjustment and concentration of proline was measured in all genotypes (rP=0.74, P=0.009). The results showed that proline is an important osmolyte in spinach during the progressive dehydration. It was also observed that the stomata of New Zealand spinach were very sensitive to dehydration. The concentration of chlorophyll pigments, especially Chl b, decreased and Chl a/ Chl b ratio increased under dehydration in all genotypes. Finally, drought resistance of spinach genotypes (especially \u27Neptun\u27) can be characterized by the mechanism of dehydration tolerance and plants of New Zealand spinach by the mechanism of dehydration avoidance.V nádobových vegetačných experimentoch s rastlinami genotypov špenátu siateho (Spinacia oleracea L.) a genotypu štvorbôčiku rozložitého (Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze, špenát novozélandský) boli počas postupnej dehydratácie študované odrodové rozdiely v kapacite pre osmotické prispôsobenie. Zároveň sme charakterizovali stupeň tolerancie na pôdne sucho prostredníctvom kvantifikácie prieduchovej vodivosti a obsahu prolínu a pigmentov. Narastajúci vodný stres negatívne ovplyvnil vodný režim rastlín všetkých genotypov. V dobre hydratovaných rastlinách sme zistili štatisticky nepreukazné genotypové rozdiely v hodnote relatívneho obsahu vody (RWC) (P=0,545) a osmotického potenciálu (ψS) (P=0,637). Signifikantné genotypové rozdiely boli pozorované v prieduchovej vodivosti (P<0,001). V terminálnej fáze dehydratačného cyklu sme zistili štatisticky vysoko preukazné genotypové rozdiely (P<0,01) v hodnotách RWC a ψS, ako aj v kapacite pre osmotické prispôsobenie (P=0,032). Pozorovali sme preukaznú koreláciu medzi kapacitou pre osmotické prispôsobenie a koncentráciou prolínu pri všetkých genotypoch (rP=0,74, P=0,009). Potvrdzujeme, že v rastlinách špenátu ovplyvnených suchom je prolín významným osmolytom. Tiež bolo pozorované, že prieduchový aparát rastlín štorbôčiku rozložitého bol veľmi citlivý na dehydratáciu. Koncentrácie asimilačných pigmentov, najmä Chl b, počas dehydratácie poklesla vo všetkých genotypoch a pomer Chl a ku Chl b narástol. Záverom môžeme konštatovať, že genotypy špenátu siateho (najmä genotyp ʻNeptunʼ) sa vyznačujú mechanizmom tolerovania dehydratácie a na druhej strane rastliny štvorbôčiku rozložitého mechanizmom predchádzania dehydratácii

Vplyv dvoch rôznych rastlinných regulátorov rastu na produkčné ukazovatele slnečnice ročnej

The plant growth regulators (PGR) are an organic compounds that modify plant physiological processes. PGR applied to the field crops promotes photosynthesis, stimulates plant growth, improves flowering and protects plants against unfavourable year weather conditions. Listed is an assumption to the yield of high quality. The effects of year weather conditions, biological material (hybrids) and foliar application of two different PGR (Terra-Sorb® Foliar – containing free amino acids and Unicum® – containing Abiestins®) on the yield-forming parameters, seed yield and the oil content in seeds of three selected hybrids of sunflower (NK Brio, NK Neoma, NK Ferti) were studied in this paper. The field poly-factorial experiments were realized during two growing seasons of 2012 and 2013. The experimental area is situated in the maize-growing region (climatic region: warm; climatic sub-region: mild dry or dry; climatic zone: warm and dry, with mild winter and long sunshine) and soil is silt loam Haplic Luvisol. The climatic conditions in chosen experimental years were different in quantities and distribution of precipitation at main growth period of sunflower plants (June to August) and allows evaluating the yield stability between used hybrids and foliar treatments. The results showed that the application of selected PGR has contributed to an increase of sunflower seed yield, mainly through increase the weight of thousand seeds (rp = 0.761; P < 0.001). Similarly, oil content in seeds was significantly higher in treatments with PGR, especially with preparation Terra-Sorb® Foliar containing free amino acids. The study describes the relationship between quality (oil content in seeds) and quantity (seed yield) of sunflower production (rp = ‒0.41; P < 0.01). Results showed that PGR can be an important rationalization tool of the sunflower cultivation technology.Rastlinné regulátory rastu (PGR) predstavujú organické zlúčeniny, ktoré usmerňujú fyziologické procesy v rastlinách. PGR aplikované na poľné plodiny podporujú fotosyntézu, stimulujú rast rastlín, podporujú kvitnutie a chránia rastliny pred nepriaznivými poveternostnými podmienkami. Uvedené je predpokladom pre vysoké a kvalitné úrody. V štúdii bol skúmaný efekt poveternostných podmienok ročníka, genetického materiálu (hybridov) a foliárnej aplikácie dvoch rôznych PGR (Terra-Sorb® Foliar – obsahujúci voľné aminokyseliny a Unicum® – obsahujúci Abiesetíny®) na úrodu a úrodotvorné prvky troch vybraných hybridov slnečnice ročnej (NK Brio, NK Neoma, NK Ferti). Poľné polyfaktorové pokusy boli realizované počas dvoch pestovateľských sezón 2012 a 2013. Pokusná lokalita sa nachádza v teplej kukuričnej výrobnej oblasti (klimatická oblasť: teplá; klimatická podoblasť: suchá; klimatický okrsok: teplý, suchý s miernou zimou a dlhým slnečným svitom; pôda: hnedozem kultizemná). Poveternostné podmienky vybraných experimentálnych rokov boli odlišné v množstve a v distribúcii zrážok v rozhodujúcich rastových fázach rastlín slnečnice ročnej (jún až august) čo umožnilo hodnotiť úrodovú stabilitu hybridov ošetrených danými prípravkami. Výsledky ukázali, že aplikácia vybraných PGR prispela k zvýšeniu úrody, hlavne prostredníctvom zvýšenia hmotnosti tisíc nažiek (rp = 0,761; P < 0,001). Podobne bol pri ošetreniach PGR preukazne vyšší aj obsah oleja v nažkách, najmä pri prípravku Terra-Sorb® Foliar, ktorý obsahoval voľné aminokyseliny. Štúdia popisuje vzťah medzi kvalitou (obsah oleja v nažkách) a kvantitou (úroda nažiek) produkcie slnečnice ročnej (rp = ‒0,41; P < 0,01). Na základe výsledkov experimentu je možné považovať foliárnu aplikáciu PGR na porasty slnečnice ročnej za významný racionalizačný prvok technológie jej pestovania

REGULATION OF PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF CHICORY PLANTS BY FOLIAR APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES

In this study were evaluated both the growth and yield potentials of three chicory (Cichorium intybus var. sativum) varieties (\u27Fredonia Nova\u27, \u27Oesia\u27 a \u27Maurane\u27) growing in natural agro-ecological conditions from 2006 to 2008. Regulation of the crop productivity by foliar application of biologically active substances (Atonik, Polybor 150, and Biafit Gold) was also studied. Evaluation of growth-production performance of chicory was realized as: leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic potential (LAD), net assimilation rate (NAR), crop rate growth (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), harvest index (HI), root yield and inulin content in root. During threeyears of experimental seasons, the highest average yield of chicory roots was observed in variety \u27Fredonia Nova\u27 (value 2.08 kg m-2), with average LAI reached on value 1.88 and average NAR on value 2.15 g m-2 d-1. The highest average HI was observed in variety \u27Oesia\u27 (64.0 %) and the lowest in variety \u27Maurane\u27 (57.3 %). The highest average inulin root content reached variety \u27Fredonia Nova\u27 up to value 205.9 mg g-1 dry weight. In this study we discussed in detail observed interaction between individual growth-production characteristics. Finally we observed that application of biologically active substances (BAS) is an important tool for optimalization of growthproduction potential in chicory plant. Our results showed that application of BAS (and mainly of Atonik) in all the varieties and experimental years significantly increased the growth-production performance and modified source – sink relationships

Nedeštrukčná detekcia a biochemická kvantifikácia listov pohánky s využitím hyperspektrálneho zobrazovania s reflektanciou vo viditeľnej (VIS) a blízkej infračervenej (NIR) oblasti

The present experimental study has been investigated way of use methodology of nondestructive detection with hyperspectral reflectance imaging together with wet chemistry quantitative analysis based on correlation analysis of receiving data. Higher correlation from reflectance of hyperspectral imaging analysis and total polyphenol and anthocyanin content has been observed for carotenoid reflectance index-2 compared to the carotenoid reflectance index-1. It was found that high total polyphenols content is related with high values of hyperspectral indices which characterize chlorophyll concentration and parameters of vegetation. In experimental buckwheat cultivars presence of vanillic, methoxycinnamic, cinnamic acids can be expressing by anthocyanin reflectance index, modified anthocyanin reflectance index and carotenoid reflectance index-2 because high correlation coefficient. Changes of chlorogenic acid during the vegetative period of plant growth can be studied with normalized difference vegetation index and normalized difference vegetation index-2 which found to have a positive correlation with this phenolic acid content.Predkladaná experimentálna práca skúmala možnosti uplatnenia metodológie nedeštrukčnej detekcie s hyperspektrálnym reflektančným zobrazovaním spolu s kvantitatívnou chemickou analýzou na základe korelačnej analýzy získaných údajov. V porovnaní s karotenoidovým reflektančným indexom-1 bola vyššia korelácia s obsahom celkových polyfenolov a celkových antokyánov pozorovaná s reflektanciou karotenoidového reflektančného indexu-2 z analýzy hyperspektrálneho zobrazovania. Vysoký obsah celkových polyfenolov súvisel s vysokými hodnotami hyperspektrálnych indexov charakterizujúcich koncentráciu chlorofylu a parametre vegetácie. V experimentálnych kultivaroch pohánky môže byť prítomnosť kyseliny vanilovej, metoxyškoricovej a škoricovej, vzhľadom k vysokému korelačnému koeficientu, vyjadrená pomocou antokyánového reflektančného indexu, modifikovaného antokyánového reflektančného indexu a karotenoidového reflektančného indexu-2. Zmeny obsahu kyseliny chlorogénovej počas vegetačného obdobia pohánky môžu byť sledované prostredníctvom normalizovaného diferenčného vegetačného indexu a diferenčného vegetačného indexu-2, ktoré preukázali pozitívnu koreláciu s obsahom fenolových kyselín

ÚRODA A KVALITA ČAKANKY (CICHORIUM INTYBUS L.) V ZÁVISLOSTI OD ODRODY A FOLIÁRNEJ APLIKÁCIE ATONIKU A POLYBORU 150

The influence of variety and foliar applications of Atonik and Polybor 150 on root yield and inulin content in root of chicory (Cichorium Intybus L.) plant were observed in field polyfactorial experiment. The field trials were established on experimental station Dolná Malanta in warm maize production area in 2005 and 2006 years. The root yield and inulin content were statistically high significantly influenced by year’s weather conditions. In term of obtained root yield and inulin content in root the combination of foliar preparations on variant B (Atonik: 0.4 l ha-1 in 2nd post-emergence herbicide application; Atonik + Polybor 150: 0.6 + 2.5 l ha-1 in 3rd post-emergence herbicide application; Polybor 150: 2.5 l ha-1 in 1st fungicide treatment) was shown to be optimal in given agri-ecological conditions. Biological material affected the formation of yield parameters very differently. The highest yield of root was observed at variety Fredonia Nova and inulin content in root at variety Maurane (both statistically significant).V poľných polyfaktorových experimentoch bol sledovaný vplyv odrody a foliárnej aplikácie Atoniku a Polyboru 150 na úrodu koreňa a obsah inulínu v koreni čakanky. Poľný experiment bol uskutočnený v rokoch 2005 a 2006 na experimentálnej stanici Dolná Malanta v teplej kukuričnej výrobnej oblasti na stredne ťažkej hnedozemi. Poveternostné podmienkami stanovišťa ovplyvnili výšku úrody koreňa, ako aj obsah inulínu v koreni štatisticky vysoko preukazne. V daných agroekologických podmienkach bol vplyv termínu foliárnej aplikácie Atoniku a Polyboru 150 na úrodu koreňa a obsah inulínu v koreni najvýznamnejší v experimentálnom variante B (Atonik 0,4 l.ha-1 - druhá postemergentná aplikácia herbicídu; Atonik + Polybor 150: 0,6 + 2.5 l.ha-1 - tretia postemergentná aplikácia herbicídu; Polybor 150: 2,5 l.ha-1 - prvé fungicídne ošetrenie). Biologický materiál ovplyvňoval formovanie úrodových parametrov rozdielne. Vplyv odrody na úrodu koreňa bol štatisticky signifikantný. Najvyššia úroda bola zaznamenaná pri odrode Fredonia Nova a najvyšší obsah inulínu v koreni bol pri odrode Maurane

Ascorbic acid supplementation suppresses cadmium-derived alterations in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Cadmium (Cd) a highly toxic environmental pollutant, that does not have any physiological function in the organism, represents a great concern for human health as it can be easily transported from its environmental sources to the food chain. Food, water, and air are the major sources of Cd exposure to the population. Cd-mediated impairments of the basic cellular properties largely depend on its ability to enhance the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus triggers oxidative stress to the cell. With the use of fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S. pombe) as the model organism, we have analyzed the impact of Cd on the cell growth intensity, as it represents the fundamental feature of all living organisms. Cells were incubated with different Cd concentrations for 3, 6, and 9 hours to investigate the effect of Cd on cell growth in a time and dose-dependent manner. Further possible Cd-derived alterations, as the peroxidation of membrane lipids or the functional impairment of the enzymatic antioxidant protection mechanisms, were investigated by determination of the MDA content and via catalase (CAT) activity detection. Moreover, ascorbic acid (AsA) pre-treatment was subjected to investigate the assumed positive effect of AsA against Cd toxicity. We show here on one hand that cells suffer under the influence of Cd, but on the other hand, they substantially profit from AsA supplementation. Because S. pombe is known to shares many molecular, and biochemical similarities with higher organisms, the effect of AsA in cadmium toxicity elimination might be expected to a similar extent also in other cell types

YIELD AND QUALITY OF CHICORY (CICHORIUM INTYBUS L.) IN DEPENDENCE ON VARIETY AND FOLIAR APPLICATION OF ATONIK AND POLYBOR 150

The influence of variety and foliar applications of Atonik and Polybor 150 on root yield and inulin content in root of chicory (Cichorium Intybus L.) plant were observed in field polyfactorial experiment. The field trials were established on experimental station Dolná Malanta in warm maize production area in 2005 and 2006 years. The root yield and inulin content were statistically high significantly influenced by year’s weather conditions. In term of obtained root yield and inulin content in root the combination of foliar preparations on variant B (Atonik: 0.4 l ha-1 in 2nd post-emergence herbicide application; Atonik + Polybor 150: 0.6 + 2.5 l ha-1 in 3rd post-emergence herbicide application; Polybor 150: 2.5 l ha-1 in 1st fungicide treatment) was shown to be optimal in given agri-ecological conditions. Biological material affected the formation of yield parameters very differently. The highest yield of root was observed at variety Fredonia Nova and inulin content in root at variety Maurane (both statistically significant)

Effect of two different plant growth regulators on production traits of sunflower

The plant growth regulators (PGR) are an organic compounds that modify plant physiological processes. PGR applied to the field crops promotes photosynthesis, stimulates plant growth, improves flowering and protects plants against unfavourable year weather conditions. Listed is an assumption to the yield of high quality. The effects of year weather conditions, biological material (hybrids) and foliar application of two different PGR (Terra-Sorb® Foliar – containing free amino acids and Unicum® – containing Abiestins®) on the yield-forming parameters, seed yield and the oil content in seeds of three selected hybrids of sunflower (NK Brio, NK Neoma, NK Ferti) were studied in this paper. The field poly-factorial experiments were realized during two growing seasons of 2012 and 2013. The experimental area is situated in the maize-growing region (climatic region: warm; climatic sub-region: mild dry or dry; climatic zone: warm and dry, with mild winter and long sunshine) and soil is silt loam Haplic Luvisol. The climatic conditions in chosen experimental years were different in quantities and distribution of precipitation at main growth period of sunflower plants (June to August) and allows evaluating the yield stability between used hybrids and foliar treatments. The results showed that the application of selected PGR has contributed to an increase of sunflower seed yield, mainly through increase the weight of thousand seeds (rp = 0.761; P < 0.001). Similarly, oil content in seeds was significantly higher in treatments with PGR, especially with preparation Terra-Sorb® Foliar containing free amino acids. The study describes the relationship between quality (oil content in seeds) and quantity (seed yield) of sunflower production (rp = ‒0.41; P < 0.01). Results showed that PGR can be an important rationalization tool of the sunflower cultivation technology.Rastlinné regulátory rastu (PGR) predstavujú organické zlúčeniny, ktoré usmerňujú fyziologické procesy v rastlinách. PGR aplikované na poľné plodiny podporujú fotosyntézu, stimulujú rast rastlín, podporujú kvitnutie a chránia rastliny pred nepriaznivými poveternostnými podmienkami. Uvedené je predpokladom pre vysoké a kvalitné úrody. V štúdii bol skúmaný efekt poveternostných podmienok ročníka, genetického materiálu (hybridov) a foliárnej aplikácie dvoch rôznych PGR (Terra-Sorb® Foliar – obsahujúci voľné aminokyseliny a Unicum® – obsahujúci Abiesetíny®) na úrodu a úrodotvorné prvky troch vybraných hybridov slnečnice ročnej (NK Brio, NK Neoma, NK Ferti). Poľné polyfaktorové pokusy boli realizované počas dvoch pestovateľských sezón 2012 a 2013. Pokusná lokalita sa nachádza v teplej kukuričnej výrobnej oblasti (klimatická oblasť: teplá; klimatická podoblasť: suchá; klimatický okrsok: teplý, suchý s miernou zimou a dlhým slnečným svitom; pôda: hnedozem kultizemná). Poveternostné podmienky vybraných experimentálnych rokov boli odlišné v množstve a v distribúcii zrážok v rozhodujúcich rastových fázach rastlín slnečnice ročnej (jún až august) čo umožnilo hodnotiť úrodovú stabilitu hybridov ošetrených danými prípravkami. Výsledky ukázali, že aplikácia vybraných PGR prispela k zvýšeniu úrody, hlavne prostredníctvom zvýšenia hmotnosti tisíc nažiek (rp = 0,761; P < 0,001). Podobne bol pri ošetreniach PGR preukazne vyšší aj obsah oleja v nažkách, najmä pri prípravku Terra-Sorb® Foliar, ktorý obsahoval voľné aminokyseliny. Štúdia popisuje vzťah medzi kvalitou (obsah oleja v nažkách) a kvantitou (úroda nažiek) produkcie slnečnice ročnej (rp = ‒0,41; P < 0,01). Na základe výsledkov experimentu je možné považovať foliárnu aplikáciu PGR na porasty slnečnice ročnej za významný racionalizačný prvok technológie jej pestovania

Analysis of relations between crop temperature indices and yield of different sunflower hybrids foliar treated by biopreparations

The application of biological active preparations (BAPs) and remote-sensing control in the management of agronomic intervention are an important part of successful crop cultivation. The effects of foliar application of two BAPs (containing amino acids or Abiestins®) on yield and yield-forming, as well eco-physiological traits calculated from infrared thermographs data (crop water stress index, CWSI and index of stomatal conductance, Ig) of three hybrids of sunflower were studied in field poly-factorial experiments, realised during two years (2012 and 2013). The results showed that the application of selected BAPs has contributed to an increase of the sunflower yield, in particular through an increase in the weight of thousand seeds (rp = 0.761, P < 0.001). Similarly, oil content in achenes was significantly higher in treatments with BAPs, mainly with preparation containing free amino acids. The study describes the quantitative relationship between yield and quality of sunflower production (rp = −0.41, P < 0.01). Selected hybrids of sunflower in two growth stages showed the significant differences in CWSI and Ig (both at P < 0.01), respectively. An analysis of negative linear relation between the yield of achenes and CWSI (rp = −0.654, P < 0.001) confirmed that higher value of plant stress resulted in a smaller yield and vice-versa. The opposite trend was observed between yield and Ig index (rp = 0.576, P < 0.001). The data obtained from IR thermography can be used for monitoring the physiological health of sunflower plants, as well in potential prediction and control of yield

The variability of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) yield and quality influenced by wheater conditions

The field polyfactorial trials were carried out on experimental fields in Nitra - Dolná Malanta in two experimental years 2010 and 2011. Experimental locality is situated in the maize production area (climatic region: warm; climatic sub-region dry; climatic zone: warm, dry with mild winter and long sunshine), in altitude 250 m above sea level, with brown soil. In the trials was observed the influence of both temperature and moisture conditions of experimental area on sunflower yield of achenes and fat content (conventional hybrids NK Kondi and NK Tristan). Technological system of sunflower cultivation was realized in accordance with conventional technology of cultivation. The basic fertilization was made by balance method on the base of soil agrochemical analysis for expected yield 3 t ha−1. The results show, in the range of achieved both achenes yield and fat content, that the year 2011 was statistically high significantly more favorable for yield formation than 2010. The variability of hybrids was statistically high significant, where the most productive was hybrid NK Kondi in comparison with NK Tristan in yield and quality the point of view. In the 2010 was found small negative correlation between yield of achenes and fat content. The correlation was slightly positive in the 2011, when the lower amount of precipitation and higher temperature influenced positively the yield formation and achene quality