Leitura - Dificuldades de aprendizagem, ensino e estratégias para o desenvolvimento de competências

O domínio da leitura é de extrema importância para as aprendizagens escolares. Um número significativo de alunos apresenta, no entanto, dificuldades de aprendizagem específicas (DAE) ao nível da leitura, que interferem com o processo global de ensino e aprendizagem. O presente artigo pretende rever os factores associados às DAE de leitura e apresentar estratégias que promovem o ensino eficaz e o domínio desta competência, nomeadamente, ao nível da consciência fonémica e da fluência da leitura, indicando metodologias e actividades que podem ser desenvolvidas em contexto de sala de aula.Abstract The mastery of reading is extremely important for scholar acquisitions. However a significant number of students present specific learning disabilities in reading processes, which interfere with the overall process of teaching and learning. This article aims to review the factors associated with specific learning disabilities in reading processes and suggest strategies to promote effective teaching, namely, at phonemic awareness and reading fluency levels, indicating methodologies and activities that can be implemented in the classroom.Résumé La maîtrise de la lecture est extrêmement importante pour l'apprentissage scolaire. Un nombre important d'étudiants présente, cependant, des troubles spécifiques d’apprentissage au niveau de la lecture, qui interfèrent avec le processus global d'enseignement et d'apprentissage. Cet article vise à examiner les facteurs associés aux troubles spécifiques d’apprentissage au niveau de la lecture et à présenter des stratégies qui favorisent un enseignement efficace et la maîtrise de cette compétence, en particulier au niveau de la conscience phonémique et la fluence en lecture, indiquant des méthodologies et des activités qui peuvent être développées dans le contexte de salle de classe

Dissociações entre tarefas de memória: Evidência para uma distinção entre as memórias implícita e explícita

Centro de Investigação em Psicologia da Universidade do Minho (CIPsi

Full-scale experimental testing of retrofitting techniques in Portuguese “Pombalino” traditional timber frame walls

Traditional timber frame walls are constructive elements representative of different timber frame buildings that are well known as one of the most efficient seismic resistant structures in the world. Timber frame walls were also used in the reconstruction of buildings of the old town of Lisbon after the earthquake of 1755 aiming at improving their seismic global behaviour. As it is important to preserve these structures, a better knowledge about their behaviour under seismic actions is important and can give some indications about possible retrofitting techniques to be used to improve the seismic performance. Due to the great rehabilitation effort currently carried out in many countries, a better understanding of retrofitting techniques is also needed. Therefore, this paper aims at providing a study on possible retrofitting techniques adopting traditional solutions such as bolts and steel plates. Static cyclic tests have been performed on retrofitted traditional timber frame walls in order to study their seismic performance. The experimental results showed the overall good seismic performance of steel plates and the more ductile behaviour of retrofitted timber frame walls with bolts.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Irrational choice and the value of information

Irrational decision making in humans and other species challenges the use of optimality in behavioural biology. Here we show that such observations are in fact powerful tools to understand the adaptive significance of behavioural mechanisms. We presented starlings choices between probabilistic alternatives, receiving or not information about forthcoming, delayed outcomes after their choices. Subjects could not use this information to alter the outcomes. Paradoxically, outcome information induced loss-causing preference for the lower probability option. The effect depended on time under uncertainty: information given just after each choice caused strong preference for lower probability, but information just before the outcome did not. A foraging analysis shows that these preferences would maximize gains if post-choice information were usable, as when predators abandon a chase when sure of the prey escaping. Our study illustrates how experimentally induced irrational behaviour supports rather than weakens the evolutionary optimality approach to animal behaviour.Financial support was received from the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Grant BB/G007144/1 (to AK). MV was funded by the Investigator Grant IF/01624/2013 and Grant IF/01624/2013/CP1158/CT0012 both from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). TM was supported by a doctoral grant from FCT and a Pembroke College Graduate Scholarship. We are grateful to Eva Abraham and Vivien Ngo for their help conducting the experiments

O responder controlado temporalmente: desdobramentos da pesquisa com a tarefa de bissecção

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Extrato de alho melhora a superação da dormência de videiras ‘Niagara Rosada’em regiões subtropicais.

Nas regiões com invernos amenos, normalmente as exigências de frio para a quebra de dormência de gemas de videiras não são atendidas, e apenas os produtos altamente tóxicos CaCN2 e H2CN2 são recomendados na viticultura convencional para quebra de dormência. A proposta deste estudo foi verificar o efeito do extrato de alho na quebra de dormência de videiras ‘Niagara Rosada’, em dois diferentes vinhedos. A dose mais elevada de extrato de alho (70mL L-1)demonstrou ter um grande potencial para a quebra de dormência na produção orgânica, apresentando efeitos similares aos das cianamidas, na quebra de dormência. Este tratamento aumentou a porcentagem de brotação e o número de cachos, antecipou o começo da brotação e reduziu o ciclo entre poda e colheita

Context effects in temporal differentiation: some data and a model

We examined whether temporal context influences how animals produce a time interval. Six pigeons pecked one key to start an interval and then another key to end the interval. Reinforcement followed whenever the interval duration fell within a range of values signaled by the keylight colors. During Phase 1, keylight colors S1 and L1, intermixed across trials, signaled the ranges (0.5-1.5 s) and (1.5- 4.5 s), respectively. During Phase 2, colors S2 and L2 signaled the ranges (1.5-4.5 s) and (4.5-13.5 s), respectively. We asked whether the intervals produced in the presence of L1 and S2, stimuli signalling the same range, varied with their temporal context, short in Phase 1, long in Phase 2. The results showed that a) the intervals produced in the presence of the different keylight colors accorded with the main properties of temporal differentiation, including Weber’s law, b) the L1 intervals had slightly higher means than the S2 intervals, a weak contrast effect, c) the L1 intervals also had higher variability than the S2 intervals. An extension of the learning-to-time model to temporal differentiation tasks reproduced some of the major features of the data but left unanswered how context might change the model parameters.MPC, AM, and MV benefited from grants from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT SFRH/BD/73875/2010, PTDC/MHC-PCN/3540/2012, and IF/01624/2013/CP1158/CT0012, respectively). This study was conducted at the Psychology Research Centre, University of Minho, and partially supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the Portuguese Ministry of Education and Science through national funds and when applicable co-financed by FEDER under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (UID/PSI/01662/2013). The authors thank Catarina Soares, Margarida Monteiro, Francisca Cunha, Janete Silva, Lénia Amaral, Pilar Niño and Sofia Ribeiro for help collecting data.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Application of near surface mounted (NSM) strengthening technique to traditional timber frame walls

Timber frame buildings are well known as an efficient seismic resistant structure popular all over the world not only due to their seismic performance, but also to their low cost and the strength they offer. These constructions still exist today and it is important to be able to preserve them, so a better knowledge on their behaviour is sought. Furthermore, historic technologies could be used even in modern constructions to build seismic resistant buildings using more natural materials with lesser costs. A great rehabilitation effort is being carried out on this type of buildings, as their neglect has led to decay or their change in use and alterations to the structure has led to the need to retrofit such buildings; only recently studies on their behaviour have become available and only a few of them address the issue of possible strengthening techniques for this kind of walls. In this scope, an innovative retrofitting technique (near surface mounted steel flat bars) is proposed and validated on traditional timber frame walls based on an extensive experimental program. The results of the static cyclic tests on distinct wall typologies retrofitted with the NSM technique are herein presented and discussed in detail. The main features on deformation, lateral stiffness, lateral resistance and seismic performance indexes are analysedThe authors would like to acknowledge Eng. Filipe Ferreira and A.O.F. (Augusto Oliveira Ferreira & C Lda.) for their expertise and collaboration in the construction of the wall specimens. The first author would also like to acknowledge the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT) for its financial support through grant SFRH/BD/61908/2009. The authors would also like to acknowledge the project REABEPA (Structural rehabilitation of masonry walls in old buildings), founded through grant PTDC/ECM/100168/2008, to which part of this research is associated

Enhancing STEM Learning with ChatGPT and Bing Chat as Objects to Think With: A Case Study

This study investigates the potential of ChatGPT and Bing Chat, advanced conversational AIs, as "objects-to-think-with," resources that foster reflective and critical thinking, and concept comprehension in enhancing STEM education, using a constructionist theoretical framework. A single-case study methodology was used to analyse extensive interaction logs between students and both AI systems in simulated STEM learning experiences. The results highlight the ability of ChatGPT and Bing Chat to help learners develop reflective and critical thinking, creativity, problem-solving skills, and concept comprehension. However, integrating AIs with collaborative learning and other educational activities is crucial, as is addressing potential limitations like concerns about AI information accuracy and reliability of the AIs' information and diminished human interaction. The study concludes that ChatGPT and Bing Chat as objects-to-think-with offer promising avenues to revolutionise STEM education through a constructionist lens, fostering engagement in inclusive and accessible learning environments

Reinforcement of traditional timber frame walls

Timber frame walls are common structural elements adopted in many countries for different purposes. They constitute an important cultural heritage of different parts of the world and the necessity often arises to intervene in such structures for their preservation. Different strengthening techniques have been adopted when retrofitting timber frame walls, some traditional and others more innovative. As the response of the walls, particularly to horizontal actions, is governed by their connections, retrofitting is usually concentrated at the joints, but interventions can also be carried out on timber members or on infill. In this chapter, an overview of possible retrofitting techniques is presented, focusing on their advantages and disadvantages and their effects on the overall behaviour of the wall. The presented solutions focus mainly on experimental and in situ interventions performed for seismic purposes.(undefined