Basic substances: a new opportunity for approval copper at EC phytopharmaceutical regulation 1107/2009

Bio control agents: BCA, promising for plant protection are the combination of macro organisms, microorganisms, chemical mediators (pheromones, semiochemicals), and natural substances (from mineral, animal, or vegetal origin). EC regulation: Following, the enter in vigour of the new phytochemical EC Regulation 1107/2009 on May 14th 2011, the opportunity of approval at EU level, for new categories, are now available. Together with regular active substances, as previously managed by Dir 91/414, two new categories were introduced “Basic Substances” described via Article 23 and “Low Risk Substances” defined in Art. 22. Further specific EU-Guidance documents, regarding data requirement, are available or in progress for BCAs sub-category: microorganisms (baculovirus), pheromones (sclp) or botanicals. a. Opportunity of testing the first category (basic substances) for plant extract and light compounds as agriculture aid was engaged by ITAB in 2011 and ended up with an EU-Guidance document, available as working document (SANCO/10363/2012 rev.7) managed by DGSanco in one hand, and Equisetum (Horsetail) BSA pilot project in the other hand. b. Implementation of the second category (Low Risk substances) is in progress in order to produce equivalent Guidance document for early 2014. Basic substances: As matter of fact, these approvals as basic substance are by derogation to general pesticide regulation. Opportunity of the use of plant water extract (Nettle) and food compounds (sugars) in agriculture was not previously attach to any regulation, except in organic farming although some were approved at EC Directive 91/414 (Garlic extract, acetic acid) but as phytopharmaceuticals. Among these alternative products used for crops protection, notably from plants, natural extracts used traditionally by gardeners or farmers, are deemed potentially interesting. The use of these natural extracts preparations can be done now in compliance with regulatory requirements as plant protection substitution product, or plant defense enhancer for agriculture, and especially organic farming

Basic Substances under EU Pesticide Regulation: An Opportunity for Organic Production?

Some of the active substances allowed in organic production are now approved as basic sub- stances under the EU plant protection products regulation. Previously, all organic farming permitted active substances were approved as conventional plant protection products. In accordance with the criteria of Article 23 of the EU regulation (EC) No 1107/2009, basic substances are granted without maximum residue limits and have a good prospect for being included in Annex II of organic farming Regulation (EC) 889/2008. In fact, most of them are already permitted in organic farming. At this stage, it seems desirable to organize applications in order to avoid duplications and to clarify strategy across Europe. This organization should be planned in order to identify corresponding knowledge and data from field experiments, and to further constitute the most crucial issues related to organic production. A work of this nature was initially supported by IFOAM-EU for lecithin, calcium hydroxide and Quassia extract. The Institut Technique de l’Agriculture Biologique (ITAB) was previously engaged in a large-scale approval plan motivated by the continuous demand for the regularization of compounds/substances already in use and has a mandate for testing and approving new compatible substances. Thus, the horsetail extract (Equisetum arvense) was the first approved basic substance and ITAB has obtained 11 of the 15 basic substances approved at the EU level

Novel Plant Protection Regulation: New Perspectives for Organic Production

So called ’active substances’ (A.S.) which are allowed in Organic Production are regularly criticized for different reasons. Previously, although permitted in Organic Farming some substances were not approved under EU general plant protection products (PPP) regulation; therefore they were removed for their toxicity or exhibited characteristics (persistence, broad spectrum). Recent approbations under different new Articles of the EC regulation 1107/2009, gave rise to substances granted without maximum residue limits (MRL). We previously described approved basic substance (Art. 23) as potential candidates for organic farming; here we describe low risk substances (Art. 22) as new implements for substitution of controversial organic biopesticides and consequently as candidates for substitution (Art. 24)

Les Pseudoperisphinctinae (Ammonitina, Perisphinctidae) de l'horizon à Leckenbyi (Callovien supérieur, zone à Athleta) de Montreuil-Bellay (Maine-et-Loire, France) et description d'une nouvelle espèce, Choffatia isabellae.

International audienceDans la région de Montreuil-Bellay (Maine-et-Loire), de nombreuses coupes ont été réalisées au passage Callovien moyen-Callovien supérieur. Le premier banc attribué au Callovien supérieur a été daté de l'horizon à Leckenbyi. Il a fourni une très importante faune ammonitique (N=3125), dans laquelle les Perisphinctidae représentent 51% de l'effectif. À côté de formes plus ou moins bien connues comme Pseudopeltoceras leckenbyi (Bean), Orionoides pseudorion (Waagen), Subgrossouvria famulum (Bean) et S. crassa Gérard et Contaut, on trouve une espèce qui n'a jamais été ni décrite ni figurée : cette espèce fait l'objet du présent article. Choffatia isabellae n. sp. se distingue sans aucune ambiguité des Perisphinctidae contemporains par : 1) un long stade juvénile lisse, 2) une costulation habituellement ténue, 3) l'absence de formations paraboliques et 4) la très grande fréquence des constrictions. Comme cette espèce est inconnue dans les faunes de l'extrême sommet du Callovien moyen, nous pensons qu'elle a colonisé, avec beaucoup d'autres espèces, dont Peltoceras marysae Bonnot et alii, via la marge sud de la Téthys, la plate-forme nord-ouest européenne à la faveur de l'intervalle transgressif qui débute à l'extrême base du Callovien supérieur. Apparue brutalement à la base de l'horizon à Leckenbyi, cette nouvelle espèce possède son acmé dans la partie médiane de l'horizon, où elle peut représenter la moitié des Perisphinctidae, avant de devenir rare dans la partie supérieure de l'horizon, puis très rare dans l'horizon à Athleta

Basic Substances, a Sustainable Tool to Complement and Eventually Replace Synthetic Pesticides in the Management of Pre and Postharvest Diseases: Reviewed Instructions for Users

none5Synthetic pesticides are widely used to protect crops from pathogens and pests, especially for fruits and vegetables, and this may lead to the presence of residues on fresh produce. Improving the sustainability of agriculture and, at the same time, reducing the adverse effects of synthetic pesticides on human health requires effective alternatives that improve the productivity while maintaining the food quality and safety. Moreover, retailers increasingly request fresh produce with the amounts of pesticides largely below the official maximum residue levels. Basic substances are relatively novel compounds that can be used in plant protection without neurotoxic or immune-toxic effects and are still poorly known by phytosanitary consultants (plant doctors), researchers, growers, consumers, and decision makers. The focus of this review is to provide updated information about 24 basic substances currently approved in the EU and to summarize in a single document their properties and instructions for users. Most of these substances have a fungicidal activity (calcium hydroxide, chitosan, chitosan hydrochloride, Equisetum arvense L., hydrogen peroxide, lecithins, cow milk, mustard seed powder, Salix spp., sunflower oil, sodium chloride, sodium hydrogen carbonate, Urtica spp., vinegar, and whey). Considering the increasing requests from consumers of fruits and vegetables for high quality with no or a reduced amount of pesticide residues, basic substances can complement and, at times, replace the application of synthetic pesticides with benefits for users and for consumers. Large-scale trials are important to design the best dosage and strategies for the application of basic substances against pathogens and pests in different growing environments and contexts.Romanazzi, Gianfranco; Orçonneau, Yann; Moumni, Marwa; Davillerd, Yann; Marchand, Patrice AndréRomanazzi, Gianfranco; Orçonneau, Yann; Moumni, Marwa; Davillerd, Yann; Marchand, Patrice Andr

A Decade of Antifungal Leads from Natural Products:2010-2019

In this review, we discuss novel natural products discovered within the last decade that are reported to have antifungal activity against pathogenic species. Nearly a hundred natural products were identified that originate from bacteria, algae, fungi, sponges, and plants. Fungi were the most prolific source of antifungal compounds discovered during the period of review. The structural diversity of these antifungal leads encompasses all the major classes of natural products including polyketides, shikimate metabolites, terpenoids, alkaloids, and peptides

Seeds and plant protection substances for French organic oilseed crops: what are the challenges for tomorrow?☆

Organic production systems rely on different combinations of agronomic levers to ensure their sustainability, notably seeds and crop protection products. These inputs were mostly developed for conventional farming, which is the main market, and then evaluated under organic conditions. However, the growth of organic farming raises the question of producing inputs more specifically designed for this type of production, with its technical constraints, concepts and ethics. Recently, changes to European regulations on organic farming have opened up new perspectives, particularly in terms of varietal selection and evaluation, with introduction of the notions of “organic variety” and “organic heterogeneous material”. These two notions challenge and question the concept of variety, as well as the classic methods for evaluating their performance. With regard to crop protection products, a number of products can now be used on oilseed crops, including basic substances, low-risk substances and biocontrol agents but, the list remains limited, particularly for sunflower and soybean. However, new innovations are emerging, particularly in biocontrol agents, which augur new possibilities for controlling diseases and pests for which no solution is currently available. It is therefore necessary to support research in order to provide rapid solutions, and also to ensure that regulations evolve to promote their integration and availability to farmers. The use of inputs (seeds and plant protection products) in organic farming is governed by a number of European regulations, which are sometimes difficult to harmonize

Pseudoperisphinctinae (Ammonitina, Perisphinctidae) from the Leckenbyi horizon (Upper Callovian, Athleta zone) of Montreuil-Bellay (Maine-et-Loire, France) and description of a new species, Choffatia isabellae

Many outcrops exposing the Mid-Callovian/Upper Callovian boundary have been found near Montreuil-Bellay (Maine-et-Loire). The lowermost bed of the Upper Callovian has been dated as the Leckenbyi horizon. It contains an abundant ammonite fauna (3125 specimens), in which Perisphinctidae make up just over half of the specimens. In company with reasonably well-known species such as Pseudopeltoceras leckenbyi (BEAN), Orionoides pseudorion (WAAGEN), Subgrossouvria famulum (BEAN) and S. crassa GÉRARD et CONTAUT, occurs a species, previously unknown, which is described in this article. Choffatia isabellae n. sp. differs markedly from contemporary Perisphinctidae, for it is distinguished by : 1) a long, smooth juvenile stage, 2) weakly developed ribbing, 3) the absence of parabolic ornamentation and 4) a high frequency of constrictions. As this species is unknown in the fauna of the uppermost Middle Callovian, along with many other species, including Peltoceras marysae BONNOT et alii, it must have colonised the northwestern part of the European platform via the southern margin of the Tethys during the transgressive interval which started at the beginning of the Late Callovian. This new species appears abruptly at the base of the Leckenbyi horizon, reaches its acme in the middle of the horizon, where it probably represents half of the Perisphinctidae, before becoming rare in the upper part of the horizon, then very rare in the Athleta horizon.Dans la région de Montreuil-Bellay (Maine-et-Loire), de nombreuses coupes ont été réalisées au passage Callovien moyen-Callovien supérieur. Le premier banc attribué au Callovien supérieur a été daté de l'horizon à Leckenbyi. Il a fourni une très importante faune ammonitique (N=3125), dans laquelle les Perisphinctidae représentent 51% de l'effectif. À côté de formes plus ou moins bien connues comme Pseudopeltoceras leckenbyi (BEAN), Orionoides pseudorion (WAAGEN), Subgrossouvria famulum (BEAN) et S. crassa GÉRARD et CONTAUT, on trouve une espèce qui n'a jamais été ni décrite ni figurée : cette espèce fait l'objet du présent article. Choffatia isabellae n. sp. se distingue sans aucune ambiguité des Perisphinctidae contemporains par : 1) un long stade juvénile lisse, 2) une costulation habituellement ténue, 3) l'absence de formations paraboliques et 4) la très grande fréquence des constrictions. Comme cette espèce est inconnue dans les faunes de l'extrême sommet du Callovien moyen, nous pensons qu'elle a colonisé, avec beaucoup d'autres espèces, dont Peltoceras marysae BONNOT et alii, via la marge sud de la Téthys, la plate-forme nord-ouest européenne à la faveur de l'intervalle transgressif qui débute à l'extrême base du Callovien supérieur. Apparue brutalement à la base de l'horizon à Leckenbyi, cette nouvelle espèce possède son acmé dans la partie médiane de l'horizon, où elle peut représenter la moitié des Perisphinctidae, avant de devenir rare dans la partie supérieure de l'horizon, puis très rare dans l'horizon à Athleta

TiO2 (B)/activated carbon non-aqueous hybrid system for energy storage

TiO2 (B) has been investigated as a possible candidate to replace Li4Ti5O12 as a negative electrode for Li-ion battery. The starting compound was synthesized by a simple solid state reaction followed by hydrolysis. Long term stability of the TiO2 (B) electrode can be obtained by limiting lithium intercalation between 0.25 and 0.35 Li+ per unit formula. High cycling rates (up to 24C) have been used without noticeable degradation of the electrode. A non-aqueous hybrid energy storage device using TiO2 (B) as the negative electrode and activated carbon as the positive was assembled. The maximum hybrid cell voltage can be set between 2.75 V and 3.5 V. The cells exhibit energy densities between 45 W kg-1 and 80 W kg-1 with power densities in the range 240-420 W kg-1which is compatible with a fast charging/discharging storage device, intermediate between electrochemical double layer capacitor and Li-ion batteries

Imaging thrombosis with 99mTc-labeled RAM.1-antibody in vivo.

Platelets play a major role in thrombo-embolic diseases, notably by forming a thrombus that can ultimately occlude a vessel. This may provoke ischemic pathologies such as myocardial infarction, stroke or peripheral artery diseases, which represent the major causes of death worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the specificity of radiolabeled Rat-Anti-Mouse antibody (RAM.1).We describe a method to detect platelets by using a RAM.1 coupled with the chelating agent hydrazinonicotinic acid (HYNIC) conjugated toWe demonstrated a quick and strong affinity of the radiolabeled RAM.1 for the platelet thrombus. Results clearly demonstrated the ability of this radioimmunoconjugate for detecting thrombi from 10 min post injection with an exceptional thrombi uptake. Using FeClThanks to the high sensitivity of SPECT, we provided evidence that [journal articleresearch support, non-u.s. gov't2018 062018 03 17importe