International scientific collaboration in HIV and HPV: a network analysis.

Research endeavours require the collaborative effort of an increasing number of individuals. International scientific collaborations are particularly important for HIV and HPV co-infection studies, since the burden of disease is rising in developing countries, but most experts and research funds are found in developed countries, where the prevalence of HIV is low. The objective of our study was to investigate patterns of international scientific collaboration in HIV and HPV research using social network analysis. Through a systematic review of the literature, we obtained epidemiological data, as well as data on countries and authors involved in co-infection studies. The collaboration network was analysed in respect to the following: centrality, density, modularity, connected components, distance, clustering and spectral clustering. We observed that for many low- and middle-income countries there were no epidemiological estimates of HPV infection of the cervix among HIV-infected individuals. Most studies found only involved researchers from the same country (64%). Studies derived from international collaborations including high-income countries and either low- or middle-income countries had on average three times larger sample sizes than those including only high-income countries or low-income countries. The high global clustering coefficient (0.9) coupled with a short average distance between researchers (4.34) suggests a "small-world phenomenon." Researchers from high-income countries seem to have higher degree centrality and tend to cluster together in densely connected communities. We found a large well-connected community, which encompasses 70% of researchers, and 49 other small isolated communities. Our findings suggest that in the field of HIV and HPV, there seems to be both room and incentives for researchers to engage in collaborations between countries of different income-level. Through international collaboration resources available to researchers in high-income countries can be efficiently used to enroll more participants in low- and middle-income countries

Saúde perinatal: metodologia e características da população estudada

OBJECTIVE: To describe the methodological procedures and some sociodemographic and medical care characteristics of the population studied in a research project on perinatal health developed in the Ribeirão Preto county, SP, in 1994, in order to make historical comparisons with the indicators of mother-child health of a similar study conducted 15 years before in the same municipality. MATERIAL AND METHOD: All the hospital births that occurred in Ribeirão Preto from June 1978 to May 1979 were studied by interviewing the mothers and obtaining data about maternal and paternal habits, social situation of the family, medical care during pregnancy and delivery, duration of pregnancy, and anthropometric and mortality data about the newborn children. A new study was conducted in 1994 using the same methodology to collect data about a sample of 1/3 of the births that had occurred in the municipality in that year (all the hospital births observed during a period of 4 months), and also about the mortality of this group up to one year after the termination of birth data collection. The interviews were held after delivery and infant weight and length were measured immediately after birth. Infant mortality was evaluated by surveying the data referring to all deaths of infants born during the year of the study and up to 1 year after its termination. The data were obtained from the Municipal Health Secretariat to which copies of all death certificates emitted in the registry offices of the county are sent obligatorily. RESULTS: An investigation was made into 3,663 births, 3,579 of which were singletons; of these, 2,846 were from the municipality. Comparison with the data obtained in the previous study showed an increase in the frequency of some indicators such as adolescent mothers, prematurity, low birth weight and cesarian section; on the other hand, there was a 50% decrease in the mortality rate and its components.OBJETIVO: Descrever os procedimentos metodológicos e algumas características demógrafo-sociais e da atenção médica da população estudada em um projeto de pesquisa em saúde perinatal realizado no Município de Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil, em 1994, visando a realizar comparações históricas com indicadores de saúde materno-infantil. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Entre junho de 1978 e maio de 1979 foram estudados todos os nascimentos hospitalares de Ribeirão Preto através de entrevistas com as mães, onde eram obtidos dados sobre hábitos maternos e paternos, situação social da família, atenção médica à gestação e parto, duração da gestação e dados antropométricos e de mortalidade dos recém-nascidos. Em 1994 foi realizado novo estudo com metodologia semelhante, sendo coletados dados de uma amostra de 1/3 dos nascimentos ocorridos no município naquele ano (todos os nascimentos hospitalares observados num período de 4 meses), e também a mortalidade desse grupo até um ano após o encerramento da coleta de dados do nascimento. As entrevistas eram realizadas após o parto, e o peso e comprimento da criança eram aferidos logo após o nascimento. A mortalidade infantil foi avaliada através do levantamento de todos os óbitos de crianças nascidas durante o período do projeto até um ano após seu encerramento. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 3.663 nascimentos, dos quais 3.579 eram nascimentos únicos; destes, 2.846 eram procedentes do município estudado. Quando comparados com os dados do estudo anterior, verifica-se que houve aumento da freqüência de alguns indicadores como mães adolescentes, prematuridade, baixo peso ao nascer e parto cesáreo; por outro lado, houve diminuição da metade da mortalidade infantil e seus componentes