4 research outputs found

    Estudio de metilaci贸n en los genes CDH1, P15, P16 y BIK en pacientes afectos de mieloma m煤ltiple

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    El Mieloma M煤ltiple (MM) es una neoplasia hematol贸gica, que en la gran mayor铆a de casos, la enfermedad viene precedida de una alteraci贸n de c茅lulas plasm谩ticas (CP) asintom谩tica, la Gammapat铆a monoclonal de significado incierto (GMSI). As铆 mismo se ha descrito un estadio intermedio entre GMSI y MM denominado Smoldering Multiple Myeloma (SMM). Se desconoce por qu茅 solo algunas GMSI progresan a MM. Se han elaborado gu铆as de estratificaci贸n de los pacientes con marcadores de progresi贸n cl铆nico-biol贸gicos, como los niveles de componente monoclonal, el tipo de cadenas ligeras libres y el porcentaje y atipias de las CP. Sin embargo, y debido a la gran heterogeneidad que presenta esta enfermedad, no existen marcadores de progresi贸n fiables. La inactivaci贸n por metilaci贸n de los promotores de genes supresores de tumor podr铆a estar implicada en la progresi贸n y/o evoluci贸n de la enfermedad. Estudios de metilaci贸n global en MM de la literatura describen un aumento del porcentaje de pacientes con metilaci贸n, en algunos de estos genes a lo largo de la evoluci贸n de la enfermedad. El estudio del patr贸n de metilaci贸n de determinados genes supresores de tumor podr铆a ayudar a comprender los mecanismos implicados en la evoluci贸n del MM. En el presente estudio se ha analizado la presencia de metilaci贸n en el promotor de los genes supresores de tumor CDH1, P15, P16 y BIK en una serie de 103 pacientes afectos de MM, GMSI o SMM. El an谩lisis de metilaci贸n se ha realizado mediante MS-PCR con DNA obtenido del cultivo celular de m茅dula 贸sea tras fijaci贸n con Carnoy, siendo el primero en MM que utiliza este tipo de muestras. Se ha establecido la frecuencia de casos con metilaci贸n en estadios asintom谩ticos y en MM. Se ha comparado la frecuencia de metilaci贸n en pacientes con MM estudiados al diagn贸stico con la de pacientes estudiados durante el seguimiento y resistentes al tratamiento o en reca铆da. Asimismo se ha evaluado la posible relaci贸n entre la metilaci贸n de estos genes y variables cl铆nico-biol贸gicas para establecer su posible valor pron贸stico. Las frecuencias de casos con metilaci贸n en P15 y P16 mostraron diferencias significativas entre estadios premalignos y MM. Es de destacar que en cuatro de los pacientes, de los que se dispon铆an muestras en dos estadios diferentes de la enfermedad, se observ贸 metilaci贸n en BIK 煤nicamente en aquellas correspondientes a la enfermedad resistente a tratamiento. Ello sugiere que la metilaci贸n de algunos genes supresores de tumor podr铆a tener un papel importante en la progresi贸n de determinados clones de CP resistentes a tratamiento. Al analizar la relaci贸n entre las variables cl铆nico-biol贸gicas y metilaci贸n, solamente se encontr贸 correlaci贸n en toda la cohorte de pacientes (pre-MM y MM) entre metilaci贸n en P15 y niveles elevados de LDH as铆 como entre P16 y niveles elevados de b2-microglobulina y porcentaje elevado de CP. Adem谩s la presencia de tres o cuatro genes metilados estaba asociada a una supervivencia inferior en los pacientes. Ello sugiere que la metilaci贸n de varios genes supresores de tumor podr铆a conferir un fenotipo m谩s agresivo. Es de destacar que la metilaci贸n concomitante en P16 y BIK en pacientes afectos de MM ten铆a un impacto m谩s adverso en la SG que roza la significaci贸n como factor pron贸stico independiente. 脡ste hecho apoyar铆a la hip贸tesis de que la metilaci贸n de determinados genes supresores de tumor podr铆a tener un papel importante en la supervivencia de determinados clones de CP porque ser铆an resistentes al tratamiento.Multiple Myeloma is a hematologic neoplasm included in the called plasma cell (PC) dyscrasias. In most of the cases the disease is preceded by an asymptomatic premalignant entity, the MGUS, an intermediate stage called Smoldering Multiple Myeloma (SMM) has also been described. Only some of the MGUS progress to MM, but the reason is unknown. The research of progression markers in MM has brought to the incorporation of some clinical variables in stratification guides as monoclonal component levels, free light chain type and PC percentage and atypia. However, due to the heterogeneity of the MM, there is no clear progression marker, specifically in the context of MGUS to MM progression. Promoter methylation of tumour suppressor genes could lead to an inactivation and could have an effect in the progression and/or evolution of the disease. Global methylation studies in MM have observed an increase in the methylation of some of these genes all along the evolution of the disease. For that reason, changes in methylation pattern of some genes could help into a better comprehension of the evolution of the disease. In this study the presence of promoter methylation in tumour suppressor genes CDH1, P15, P16 and BIK has been analysed in 103 patients of MM, SMM or MGUS. The frequency of methylation has been compared between asymptomatic stages and MM, as well as in MM patients at diagnostic or in the follow up of the disease. Additionally, the relation between methylation of these genes and clinical variables has been evaluated in order to observe a possible implication in the prognosis. Methylation analysis has been done by MS-PCR with DNA obtained from bone marrow cell culture after fixation with Carnoy. Only methylation frequencies in P15 and P16 showed significant differences between asymptomatic stages and MM, however, they did not show a correlation with adverse prognosis variables. In relation to methylation and the evolution of the disease, a tendency to a greater BIK methylation frequency in the follow up MM patients compared to the diagnostic patients was observed. Likewise, the presence of BIK gene methylation in refractory samples of four patients which didn鈥檛 showed methylation in a previous study, could suggest that methylation of certain genes could play a role in the progression of drug resistant PC clones. In the analysis of the relation between clinical variables and methylation, just a correlation of P15 methylation and high levels of LDH as well as a correlation of P16 methylation and high levels of b2-microglobulin and CP were found. This results were observed only in the total of the series but not when only MM patients were analysed. In overall survival analysis, the presence of methylation in three or more genes showed lower survival than the rest of the group, which would suggest that hypermethylation could confer a more aggressive phenotype. A tendency to a lower survival was observed in refractory or relapsed patients which showed methylation in P16. The combined methylation in P16 and BIK had an adverse impact on overall survival in MM patients that was near the significance when was studied as an independent prognosis factor. This result would sustain the hypothesis that methylation in certain genes could have an important paper in the survival of some PC clones resistant to treatment

    Estudio de metilaci贸n en los genes CDH1, P15, P16 y BIK en pacientes afectos de mieloma m煤ltiple /

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    El Mieloma M煤ltiple (12) es una neoplasia hematol贸gica, que en la gran mayor铆a de casos, la enfermedad viene precedida de una alteraci贸n de c茅lulas plasm谩ticas (CP) asintom谩tica, la Gammapat铆a monoclonal de significado incierto (GMSI). As铆 mismo se ha descrito un estadio intermedio entre GMSI y 12 denominado Smoldering Multiple Myeloma (S12). Se desconoce por qu茅 solo algunas GMSI progresan a 12. Se han elaborado gu铆as de estratificaci贸n de los pacientes con marcadores de progresi贸n cl铆nico-biol贸gicos, como los niveles de componente monoclonal, el tipo de cadenas ligeras libres y el porcentaje y atipias de las CP. Sin embargo, y debido a la gran heterogeneidad que presenta esta enfermedad, no existen marcadores de progresi贸n fiables. La inactivaci贸n por metilaci贸n de los promotores de genes supresores de tumor podr铆a estar implicada en la progresi贸n y/o evoluci贸n de la enfermedad. Estudios de metilaci贸n global en 12 de la literatura describen un aumento del porcentaje de pacientes con metilaci贸n, en algunos de estos genes a lo largo de la evoluci贸n de la enfermedad. El estudio del patr贸n de metilaci贸n de determinados genes supresores de tumor podr铆a ayudar a comprender los mecanismos implicados en la evoluci贸n del 12. En el presente estudio se ha analizado la presencia de metilaci贸n en el promotor de los genes supresores de tumor CDH1, P15, P16 y BIK en una serie de 103 pacientes afectos de 12, GMSI o S12. El an谩lisis de metilaci贸n se ha realizado mediante MS-PCR con DNA obtenido del cultivo celular de m茅dula 贸sea tras fijaci贸n con Carnoy, siendo el primero en 12 que utiliza este tipo de muestras. Se ha establecido la frecuencia de casos con metilaci贸n en estadios asintom谩ticos y en 12. Se ha comparado la frecuencia de metilaci贸n en pacientes con 12 estudiados al diagn贸stico con la de pacientes estudiados durante el seguimiento y resistentes al tratamiento o en reca铆da. Asimismo se ha evaluado la posible relaci贸n entre la metilaci贸n de estos genes y variables cl铆nico-biol贸gicas para establecer su posible valor pron贸stico. Las frecuencias de casos con metilaci贸n en P15 y P16 mostraron diferencias significativas entre estadios premalignos y 12. Es de destacar que en cuatro de los pacientes, de los que se dispon铆an muestras en dos estadios diferentes de la enfermedad, se observ贸 metilaci贸n en BIK 煤nicamente en aquellas correspondientes a la enfermedad resistente a tratamiento. Ello sugiere que la metilaci贸n de algunos genes supresores de tumor podr铆a tener un papel importante en la progresi贸n de determinados clones de CP resistentes a tratamiento. Al analizar la relaci贸n entre las variables cl铆nico-biol贸gicas y metilaci贸n, solamente se encontr贸 correlaci贸n en toda la cohorte de pacientes (pre-12 y 12) entre metilaci贸n en P15 y niveles elevados de LDH as铆 como entre P16 y niveles elevados de b2-microglobulina y porcentaje elevado de CP. Adem谩s la presencia de tres o cuatro genes metilados estaba asociada a una supervivencia inferior en los pacientes. Ello sugiere que la metilaci贸n de varios genes supresores de tumor podr铆a conferir un fenotipo m谩s agresivo. Es de destacar que la metilaci贸n concomitante en P16 y BIK en pacientes afectos de 12 ten铆a un impacto m谩s adverso en la SG que roza la significaci贸n como factor pron贸stico independiente. 脡ste hecho apoyar铆a la hip贸tesis de que la metilaci贸n de determinados genes supresores de tumor podr铆a tener un papel importante en la supervivencia de determinados clones de CP porque ser铆an resistentes al tratamiento.El Mieloma M煤ltiple (MM) es una neoplasia hematol贸gica, que en la gran mayor铆a de casos, la enfermedad viene precedida de una alteraci贸n de c茅lulas plasm谩ticas (CP) asintom谩tica, la Gammapat铆a monoclonal de significado incierto (GMSI). As铆 mismo se ha descrito un estadio intermedio entre GMSI y MM denominado Smoldering Multiple Myeloma (SMM). Se desconoce por qu茅 solo algunas GMSI progresan a MM. Se han elaborado gu铆as de estratificaci贸n de los pacientes con marcadores de progresi贸n cl铆nico-biol贸gicos, como los niveles de componente monoclonal, el tipo de cadenas ligeras libres y el porcentaje y atipias de las CP. Sin embargo, y debido a la gran heterogeneidad que presenta esta enfermedad, no existen marcadores de progresi贸n fiables. La inactivaci贸n por metilaci贸n de los promotores de genes supresores de tumor podr铆a estar implicada en la progresi贸n y/o evoluci贸n de la enfermedad. Estudios de metilaci贸n global en MM de la literatura describen un aumento del porcentaje de pacientes con metilaci贸n, en algunos de estos genes a lo largo de la evoluci贸n de la enfermedad. El estudio del patr贸n de metilaci贸n de determinados genes supresores de tumor podr铆a ayudar a comprender los mecanismos implicados en la evoluci贸n del MM. En el presente estudio se ha analizado la presencia de metilaci贸n en el promotor de los genes supresores de tumor CDH1, P15, P16 y BIK en una serie de 103 pacientes afectos de MM, GMSI o SMM. El an谩lisis de metilaci贸n se ha realizado mediante MS-PCR con DNA obtenido del cultivo celular de m茅dula 贸sea tras fijaci贸n con Carnoy, siendo el primero en MM que utiliza este tipo de muestras. Se ha establecido la frecuencia de casos con metilaci贸n en estadios asintom谩ticos y en MM. Se ha comparado la frecuencia de metilaci贸n en pacientes con MM estudiados al diagn贸stico con la de pacientes estudiados durante el seguimiento y resistentes al tratamiento o en reca铆da. Asimismo se ha evaluado la posible relaci贸n entre la metilaci贸n de estos genes y variables cl铆nico-biol贸gicas para establecer su posible valor pron贸stico. Las frecuencias de casos con metilaci贸n en P15 y P16 mostraron diferencias significativas entre estadios premalignos y MM. Es de destacar que en cuatro de los pacientes, de los que se dispon铆an muestras en dos estadios diferentes de la enfermedad, se observ贸 metilaci贸n en BIK 煤nicamente en aquellas correspondientes a la enfermedad resistente a tratamiento. Ello sugiere que la metilaci贸n de algunos genes supresores de tumor podr铆a tener un papel importante en la progresi贸n de determinados clones de CP resistentes a tratamiento. Al analizar la relaci贸n entre las variables cl铆nico-biol贸gicas y metilaci贸n, solamente se encontr贸 correlaci贸n en toda la cohorte de pacientes (pre-MM y MM) entre metilaci贸n en P15 y niveles elevados de LDH as铆 como entre P16 y niveles elevados de b2-microglobulina y porcentaje elevado de CP. Adem谩s la presencia de tres o cuatro genes metilados estaba asociada a una supervivencia inferior en los pacientes. Ello sugiere que la metilaci贸n de varios genes supresores de tumor podr铆a conferir un fenotipo m谩s agresivo. Es de destacar que la metilaci贸n concomitante en P16 y BIK en pacientes afectos de MM ten铆a un impacto m谩s adverso en la SG que roza la significaci贸n como factor pron贸stico independiente. 脡ste hecho apoyar铆a la hip贸tesis de que la metilaci贸n de determinados genes supresores de tumor podr铆a tener un papel importante en la supervivencia de determinados clones de CP porque ser铆an resistentes al tratamiento.Multiple Myeloma is a hematologic neoplasm included in the called plasma cell (PC) dyscrasias. In most of the cases the disease is preceded by an asymptomatic premalignant entity, the MGUS, an intermediate stage called Smoldering Multiple Myeloma (SMM) has also been described. Only some of the MGUS progress to MM, but the reason is unknown. The research of progression markers in MM has brought to the incorporation of some clinical variables in stratification guides as monoclonal component levels, free light chain type and PC percentage and atypia. However, due to the heterogeneity of the MM, there is no clear progression marker, specifically in the context of MGUS to MM progression. Promoter methylation of tumour suppressor genes could lead to an inactivation and could have an effect in the progression and/or evolution of the disease. Global methylation studies in MM have observed an increase in the methylation of some of these genes all along the evolution of the disease. For that reason, changes in methylation pattern of some genes could help into a better comprehension of the evolution of the disease. In this study the presence of promoter methylation in tumour suppressor genes CDH1, P15, P16 and BIK has been analysed in 103 patients of MM, SMM or MGUS. The frequency of methylation has been compared between asymptomatic stages and MM, as well as in MM patients at diagnostic or in the follow up of the disease. Additionally, the relation between methylation of these genes and clinical variables has been evaluated in order to observe a possible implication in the prognosis. Methylation analysis has been done by MS-PCR with DNA obtained from bone marrow cell culture after fixation with Carnoy. Only methylation frequencies in P15 and P16 showed significant differences between asymptomatic stages and MM, however, they did not show a correlation with adverse prognosis variables. In relation to methylation and the evolution of the disease, a tendency to a greater BIK methylation frequency in the follow up MM patients compared to the diagnostic patients was observed. Likewise, the presence of BIK gene methylation in refractory samples of four patients which didn't showed methylation in a previous study, could suggest that methylation of certain genes could play a role in the progression of drug resistant PC clones. In the analysis of the relation between clinical variables and methylation, just a correlation of P15 methylation and high levels of LDH as well as a correlation of P16 methylation and high levels of b2-microglobulin and CP were found. This results were observed only in the total of the series but not when only MM patients were analysed. In overall survival analysis, the presence of methylation in three or more genes showed lower survival than the rest of the group, which would suggest that hypermethylation could confer a more aggressive phenotype. A tendency to a lower survival was observed in refractory or relapsed patients which showed methylation in P16. The combined methylation in P16 and BIK had an adverse impact on overall survival in MM patients that was near the significance when was studied as an independent prognosis factor. This result would sustain the hypothesis that methylation in certain genes could have an important paper in the survival of some PC clones resistant to treatment

    Novel Candidate loci and Pathogenic Germline Variants Involved in Familial Hematological Malignancies Revealed by Whole-Exome Sequencing

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    The familial occurrence of hematological malignancies has been underappreciated. Recent studies suggest that up to 15% of adults with myeloid neoplasms carry germline pathogenic variants in cancer-predisposing genes. This study aimed to identify the underlying germline predisposition variant in patients with a strong family or personal onco-hematological history using whole exome sequencing on sixteen uncharacterized individuals. It was carried out in two groups of patients, one with samples available from two affected relatives (Cohort A) and one with available samples from the index case (Cohort B). In Cohort A, six families were characterized. Two families shared variants in genes associated with DNA damage response and involved in cancer development (CHEK2 and RAD54L). Pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline variants were also found in novel candidate genes (NFATC2 and TC2N). In two families, any relevant pathogenic or likely pathogenic genomic variants were identified. In Cohort B, four additional index cases were analyzed. Three of them harbor clinically relevant variants in genes with a probable role in the development of inherited forms of hematological malignancies (GATA1, MSH4 and PRF1). Overall, whole exome sequencing is a useful approach to achieve a further characterization of these patients and their mutational spectra. Moreover, further investigations may help improve optimization for disease management of affected patients and their families

    Novel Candidate <i>loci</i> and Pathogenic Germline Variants Involved in Familial Hematological Malignancies Revealed by Whole-Exome Sequencing

    Full text link
    The familial occurrence of hematological malignancies has been underappreciated. Recent studies suggest that up to 15% of adults with myeloid neoplasms carry germline pathogenic variants in cancer-predisposing genes. This study aimed to identify the underlying germline predisposition variant in patients with a strong family or personal onco-hematological history using whole exome sequencing on sixteen uncharacterized individuals. It was carried out in two groups of patients, one with samples available from two affected relatives (Cohort A) and one with available samples from the index case (Cohort B). In Cohort A, six families were characterized. Two families shared variants in genes associated with DNA damage response and involved in cancer development (CHEK2 and RAD54L). Pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline variants were also found in novel candidate genes (NFATC2 and TC2N). In two families, any relevant pathogenic or likely pathogenic genomic variants were identified. In Cohort B, four additional index cases were analyzed. Three of them harbor clinically relevant variants in genes with a probable role in the development of inherited forms of hematological malignancies (GATA1, MSH4 and PRF1). Overall, whole exome sequencing is a useful approach to achieve a further characterization of these patients and their mutational spectra. Moreover, further investigations may help improve optimization for disease management of affected patients and their families
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