M-GEAR: Gateway-Based Energy-Aware Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for WSNs

In this research work, we advise gateway based energy-efficient routing protocol (M-GEAR) for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). We divide the sensor nodes into four logical regions on the basis of their location in the sensing field. We install Base Station (BS) out of the sensing area and a gateway node at the centre of the sensing area. If the distance of a sensor node from BS or gateway is less than predefined distance threshold, the node uses direct communication. We divide the rest of nodes into two equal regions whose distance is beyond the threshold distance. We select cluster heads (CHs)in each region which are independent of the other region. These CHs are selected on the basis of a probability. We compare performance of our protocol with LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy). Performance analysis and compared statistic results show that our proposed protocol perform well in terms of energy consumption and network lifetime.Comment: IEEE 8th International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA'13), Compiegne, Franc

A New Weighting Scheme in Weighted Markov Model for Predicting the Probability of Drought Episodes

Drought is a complex stochastic natural hazard caused by prolonged shortage of rainfall. Several environmental factors are involved in determining drought classes at the specific monitoring station. Therefore, efficient sequence processing techniques are required to explore and predict the periodic information about the various episodes of drought classes. In this study, we proposed a new weighting scheme to predict the probability of various drought classes under Weighted Markov Chain (WMC) model. We provide a standardized scheme of weights for ordinal sequences of drought classifications by normalizing squared weighted Cohen Kappa. Illustrations of the proposed scheme are given by including temporal ordinal data on drought classes determined by the standardized precipitation temperature index (SPTI). Experimental results show that the proposed weighting scheme for WMC model is sufficiently flexible to address actual changes in drought classifications by restructuring the transient behavior of a Markov chain. In summary, this paper proposes a new weighting scheme to improve the accuracy of the WMC, specifically in the field of hydrology

New Keynesian Macroeconomic Model and Monetary Policy in Pakistan

The New Keynesian (NK) models have advantage over the Real Business Cycle (RBC) models as they allow rigidities in the structure of the model, hence provide built-in mechanism to incorporate the structural shocks. The estimation of the NK model for Pakistan’s economy remains a relatively unexplored area. This study attempts to estimate a closed economy version of the NK model using robust econometric technique. On the empirical side macroeconomic dynamics have been investigated in response to unanticipated monetary shock. The reaction of the monetary authority (the State Bank of Pakistan) in response to structural shocks has been assessed by exploring the role of forward looking expectations. The SVAR model has been employed to estimate the structural parameters. The response of macroeconomic aggregates to structural shocks has also been simulated along with discussing the forecast error variance decomposition. The role of forward looking expectations is found to play prominent role in the prevailing market structure of the country. The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has been found to respond to shocks after a lag of one or more periods indicating time inconsistency problem which is due to discretionary monetary policy stance being adopted by the monetary authority. The distorted beliefs of economic agents about the stance of monetary policy have pointed towards weak effectiveness of the monetary policy. The results suggest that the SBP would have to adopt an independent and transparent monetary policy by following some sort of Taylor-type rule. JEL Classification: C32, C51, E52, E58 Keywords: New Keynesian Models, Real Business Cycle Models, Forward Looking Expectations, SVAR Model, Price Puzzl

Rotating Black Hole in Kalb-Ramond Gravity: Constraining Parameters by Comparison with EHT Observations of Sgr A* and M87*

This article deals with the study of some properties of the static and rotating black holes in Kalb-Ramond gravity in four dimensional spacetime. First, we discuss the action of the corresponding theory and the static black hole metric. Then we investigate the light sphere for the static black hole by using the Hamiltonian formalism and the corresponding linear radius of the shadow, angular velocity and Lyapunov exponent. For the rotating black hole, we discuss the horizon structure. Moreover, we study the effective potential to discuss the structure of null sphere and unstable circular null orbits around the rotating black hole. The properties such as energy emission rate and distortion are calculated and analyzed by using the numerical data for the shadows calculated by appropriately chosen parametric values for two different angular locations of the observer off the equatorial plane. We also obtain the constraints on the black hole parameters by comparing the shadow sizes of the black hole in Kalb-Ramond gravity and the supermassive black holes M87* and Sgr A*. Finally, we investigate the effect of mass, energy, angular momentum and the black hole parameters on the center of mass energy of two colliding particles that are accelerated in the vicinity of the black hole.Comment: 29 pages, 15 figure