Effects of Shochu Distillery By-products on the Energy Budget of Common Carp

The effects of Shochu distillery by-products (SDBP) were investigated by supplementary different level of SDBP to the basal diets for Japanese Common carp. To clarify the growth performances, energy budget equation was applied in this study. The feeding trial was conducted for 20 days by feeding the test diets containing SDBP at 0, 2,1 and 4.2%, respectively.　Based on the energy budget equation, the digestible energy (DE) requirements for the maximum growth ranged from 49.0 – 55.8 kcal/ind/d. The 4.2% SDBP diet yielded 6.5% higher growth energy but 7.1% lesser metabolic energy than the control. The energy budget on 4.2% SDBP diet accounted for 10.6% of feces (2.42 kcal/ind/d), 4.2% of non-fecal (0.93 kcal/ind/d), 39.4% of metabolic loss  (9.03 kcal/ind/d) and 45.9% of growth (10.5 kcal/ind/d), respectively. Correspond to the control, non-fecal and metabolic energies were lower, in 4.2% SDBP resulting in the higher product energy. The above results indicate that SDBP can be utilized as a supplement ingredient for the growth promotion of carp feed, since it could provide a superior property for growth energy of fish by reduced energy of metabolic loss and non-fecal losses. Key words: Shochu distillery by-products; Energy requirements; Metabolic loss; Growth; Car

Inventory Of Seagrass Types In Talise Waters, Best Likupang District, North Minahasa, North Sulawesi

Seagrasses are the only group of flowering plants (Angiosperms) that live permanently in shallow coastal waters and play a key ecological role. Seagrasses are widely distributed in coastal waters around the world where the substrate and depth are suitable for growth. This research was conducted in the waters of Talise Island, Tambun Village, North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province. carried out using the cruising survey method. The data taken was carried out when the water conditions were in the dead moon phase, where the water experienced the lowest receding. Overall, 5 species of seagrass were found.Keywords: Seagrass; ecological role; Talise Island.AbstrakLamun (seagrass) adalah satu-satunya kelompok tumbuhan berbunga (Angiospermae) yang hidup secara tetap di lingkungan perairan pantai yang dangkal dan merupakan kunci dalam peranan ekologis. Lamun tersebar luas di perairan pantai di seluruh dunia yang substrat serta kedalaman cocok bagi pertumbuhannya. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Perairan Pulau Talise, Kampung Tambun, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode survei jelajah. Data yang diambil, dilakukan pada saat kondisi perairan pada fase bulan mati, dimana air mengalami surut terendah. secara keseluruhan ditemukan jenis-jenis lamun sebanyak 5 spesies.Kata kunci: Lamun; Peranan ekologis; Pulau Talise

Study of Long Weight Relation of Scylla serrata In Mangrove Forest Around The Wet Laboratory FPIK Eeast Likupang District North Minahasa

Mud crab (Scylla serrata) is a ten-legged crustacean animal from Brachura infraordo, known to have a very short tail (in Greek: brachy = short, ura = tail). Mangrove crab is one of the aquatic biota that has significant economic value and its life is strongly influenced by the existence of mangrove forest. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the relationship of weight and growth patterns of mangrove crab (Scylla serrata). Sampling is obtained by catching activities using fishing gear that is bubu (chang). Based on the results of research conducted in the area of Mangrove Forest around Wet Laboratory Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Likupang Timur in August - September 2017. Mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) in the can through research obtained as many as 32 individuals.Keywords: Mangrove Crab (Scylla serrata), Long Weight Relation, Growth Pattern, East Likupang ABSTRAKKepiting bakau (Scylla serrata) adalah binatang anggota crustasea berkaki sepuluh dari infraordo Brachura, yang dikenal mempunyai ekor yang sangat pendek (dalam bahasa Yunani : brachy = pendek, ura = ekor). Kepiting bakau adalah salah satu biota perairan yang bernilai ekonomis penting dan kehidupannya sangat dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan hutan mangrove. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis hubungan panjang berat berserta pola pertumbuhan dari kepiting bakau (Scylla serrata). Pengambilan sampel diperoleh dengan melakukan kegiatan penangkapan menggunakan alat tangkap yaitu bubu (chang). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan di Daerah Hutan Mangrove sekitar Laboratorium Basah Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Likupang Timur pada bulan Agustus – September 2017. Kepiting bakau (Scylla serrata) yang di dapat selama melalukan penelitian diperoleh sebanyak 32 individu. Kata Kunci : Kepiting Bakau (Scylla serrata), Hubungan Panjang Berat, Pola  Pertumbuhan, Likupang Timur

Zooplankton Community in The Waters of Lab Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science East Likupang North Minahasa

The purpose of this study was to determine the type, density, and community structure of the Zooplankton including the Diversity Index (H '), Dominance Index (C), and Evenness (e). Sampling was carried out on November 12, 2019, using planktonet to a depth of 10 m from sea level, and carried out vertically as much as 3 times at each sampling point. The results obtained were 22 genus 26 species in 3 classes, namely: Paracalanus sp, Rhincalanus sp, Calanus sp., Corycaeus sp., Acrocalanus sp., Oncaea sp., Oithona sp., Scolecithricella sp., Euterpina sp., Eurytemora sp., Centropages sp., Ctenocalanus sp., Eucalanus sp., Pseudocalanus sp., Microsetella sp., Nauplius sp., Squilla sp., Siriella sp., Pseudeuphausia sp., Nematocelis sp., Zoea., Solenocera sp. The highest relative density was found in Paracalanus sp which was 39.38%. The Diversity (H ') of zooplankton at two sampling points is classified as moderate. These values indicate the community of planktonic organisms in the areas of study is less diverse. And Dominance Index (C) shows that no species dominates the waters of East Likupang.Keywords: Community; Zooplankton; East Likupang; Domination; Diversity.AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis, kepadatan, dan  struktur komunitas Zooplankton seperti Indeks Keanekaragaman (H’), Indeks Dominansi (C), dan Keseragaman (e). Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada 12 November 2019 mengunakan planktonet sampai kedalaman 10 m dari permukaan laut, dilakukan secara vertikal sebanyak 3 kali pada setiap titik. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan diperoleh 22 genus 26 spesies dalam 3 kelas yaitu : Paracalanus sp, Rhincalanus sp, Calanus sp., Corycaeus sp,  Acrocalanus sp., Oncaea sp, Oithona sp., Scolecithricella sp., Euterpina sp., Eurytemora sp., Centropages sp., Ctenocalanus sp., Eucalanus sp., Pseudocalanus sp., Microsetella sp., Nauplius sp., Squilla sp., Siriella sp., Pseudeuphausia sp., Nematocelis sp., Zoea., Solenocera sp. Kepadatan Relatif tertinggi terdapat pada Paracalanus sp yakni 39.38%. Keanekaragaman (H’) zooplankton di dua titik tergolong sedang. Nilai tersebut menunjukkan komunitas organisme dalam kondisi yang kurang beragam. Dan Dominansi (C) menunjukkan tidak ada spesies yang mendominasi di perairan Likupang Timur.Kata kunci: Komunitas; Zooplankton; Likupang Timur; Dominasi; Keanekaragaman

Structure Of Phytoplankton Communities In Seagraas Ecosystem Of Kelurahan Tongkeina Bunaken Darat District

This research was conducted at 3 stations in the seagrass ecosystem of the Tongkeina coastal waters district of Bunaken Darat Manado on March 16, 2019, at 10:35 - 13:45 WITA. This study aims to know the types and community structures of phytoplankton in the Tongkeina seagrass ecosystem and its environmental conditions. The method used to collect the sample is sampling. Samples were taken using a plankton net measuring 20 cm in mouth diameter with a mesh size of 60 microns. Based on the results of observations obtained by the composition of phytoplankton species, namely 17 genera of 22 species in 3 classes namely Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, and Pyramimonadophyceae. The highest density of phytoplankton in Tongkeina waters is at Station 2 (0.360 cells / l) with the highest relative density of Chaetoceros sp. (19.10%). While the highest density of phytoplankton is found at Station 3 (0.516 cells / l) with the highest relative density of Melosira sp. (21.69%). The lowest Diversity Index at Station 2 (H '= 2,217) and the highest at station 3 (H' = 2,284). This shows that overall these waters have moderate diversity values. The lowest Uniformity Index at Station 1 (e = 0.858) and the highest at Station 2 (e = 0.924). This shows that overall these waters have a medium uniformity value. The lowest dominance index at Station 3 (C = 0.119) and the highest at Station 1 (C = 0.127). This shows that no species dominate the waters. The water conditions such as temperature, salinity, pH, and brightness still support the growth of phytoplankton.Keywords: phytoplankton, community structure, seagrass, Tongkeina ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan pada 3 stasiun di  perairan ekosistem lamun kelurahan  Tongkeina kecamatan Bunaken Darat pada tanggal 16 Maret 2019 pukul 10:35 – 13:45 WITA, dengan tujuan mengetahui jenis dan struktur komunitas fitoplankton yang ada di perairan ekosistem lamun  Tongkeina serta kondisi lingkungannya. Metode yang digunakan adalah Metode sampling. Sampel diambil dengan menggunakan plankton net berdiameter mulut berukuran 20 cm dengan mesh size 60 mikron. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan diperoleh komposisi jenis fitoplankton  yakni 17 genus 22 spesies dalam 3 kelas yaitu Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, dan Pyramimonadophyceae.Kepadatan tertinggi fitoplankton di perairan Tongkeina terdapat pada Stasiun 2 (0.360 sel/l) dengan kepadatan relatif tertinggi Chaetoceros sp. (19.10%). Sedangkan  kepadatan fitoplankton tertinggi terdapat pada Stasiun 3 (0.516 sel/l) dengan kepadatan relatif tertinggi Melosira sp. (21.69%). Indeks Keanekaragaman terrendah pada Stasiun 2 (H’= 2.217) dan tertinggi pada stasiun 3 (H’= 2.284). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan perairan ini memiliki nilai keanekaragaman sedang. Indeks Keseragaman terrendah pada Stasiun 1  (e= 0.858) dan tertinggi pada Stasiun 2  (e= 0.924). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan perairan ini memiliki nilai keseragaman  sedang. Indeks Dominansi terrendah pada Stasiun 3 (C= 0.119) dan yang tertinggi pada Stasiun 1 (C= 0.127). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada jenis yang mendominasi perairan. Adapun kondisi perairannya seperti suhu, salinitas, pH dan kecerahan masih menunjang pertumbuhan fitoplankton.Kata Kunci :Fitoplankton, Struktur Komunitas, Lamun, Tongkeina

STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS TERIPANG (HOLOTHUROIDEA) DI KAWASAN PANTAI DESA ONDONG KECAMATAN SIAU BARAT KABUPATEN SIAU TAGULANDANG BIARO1

Sea cucumbers is a group of marine invertebrates belonging to class  holothuroidea. At this time, the hunting for sea cucumber is not just targetted on the expensive species, but also the cheap one. The exploitation pressure has caused population decline which  can cause changes in their community structure. This research was aimed to understand the types of sea cucumber, analyze the structure of the community sea cucumber which includes the density of individuals, diversity index, the dominance index, interspecific  and the dispersion pattern. Sample collection was done at night at the lowest tide in December, 2013. Based on the research activities in the coastal areas of Ondong, west Siau district, Siau-Tagulandang-Biaro regency, 7 species of holothuroidea were found : Holothuria atra, Holothuria leucospilota, Actinopyga echinites, Actinopyga lecanora, Bohadschia argus, Bohadschia marmorata and bohadschia vitiensis, respectively with mean individual density of 0.797 ind/m2, diversity index (H’ = 1.718), equity index or harmony (e = 0. 883), dominance index (C = 0.218), interspecific association between 7 species forming 5 pairs of positive associations and 16 pairs of negative association andrandomdistribution. Keywords : Structure communities, sea cucumber, Ondong, Sitaro   ABSTRAK Teripangadalah sekelompokinvertebrata lautyang termasuk dalam kelasHolothuroidea. Pada saat ini, perburuanuntukteripangtidak hanyaditargetkanpada spesiesmahal, tetapi jugayang murah. Tekananeksploitasitelah menyebabkanpenurunan populasiyang dapat menyebabkanperubahan pada strukturkomunitasnya. Penelitian inibertujuan untukmemahami jenisteripang, menganalisisstrukturteripangyang meliputikepadatanindividu, indeks keanekaragaman, indeksdominasi, asosiasi antar spesies danpola penyebaran. Pengambilan sampeldilakukanpada malam harisaat surut terendahpada bulan Desember2013.Berdasarkankegiatan penelitiandiwilayah pesisirOndong, kecamatan SiaubaratKabupatenSiau-Tagulandang-Biaro, ditemukan 7spesiesteripang : Holothuriaatra, Holothurialeucospilota, Actinopygaechinites, Actinopygalecanora, Bohadschiaargus, Bohadschiamarmoratadanbohadschiavitiensis,masing-masing dengankepadatan individurata-rata0.797ind/m, indeks keanekaragaman(H' = 1.718), indekskemerataan atau keserasian(e = 0.883), indeksdominansi(C = 0.218), asosiasiantar 7spesiesmembentuk5pasangasosiasipositif dan16pasangasosiasinegatif danpenyebaran acak.   Kata kunci : Struktur komunitas, teripang, Ondong, Sitaro   1Bagian dari skripsi 2Mahasiswa Program Studi Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan FPIK-UNSRAT 3Staf pengajar Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Sam Ratulang

KARAKTERISTIK MORFOMETRIK DAN FAKTOR KONDISI KERANG TOTOK (Polymesoda erosa) DI HUTAN MANGROVE DESA NUSAJAYA KECAMATAN WASLEI SELATAN KABUPATEN HALMAHERA TIMUR MALUKU UTARA

Clam, Polymesoda erosa is species that live in sandy and muddy substrata of mangrove ecosystem. The aims of this study are to look at the relationship of the shell length and width,body thiekness, body weight and organ weight based on class size to determine the growth. The study also was designed to reveal the conditional factor based on the clam class size. The samples were collected during the day at lowest tide in January 2014. The total is 153 individuals of Polymesoda erosa clam were collected during the study. The result shows thare is a strong positive relationship between body lenght and body weight as shown within  the regression analysis with intercept (a) = 0,470779,  regression coefficient (b) = 0,69095 and correlation coefficient (r) = 0,406357. Based on the r value, it can be concluded that there is strong relationship regarding the length and weight increment as much as 40,63 %.   Keywords : Characteristics Morphometrics and Shellfish totok condition factor Nort Maluku ABSTRAK .         Kerang  totok (Polymesoda erosa) adalah salah satu jenis moluska dalam kelas bivalvia yang hidup di ekosistem mangrove pada daerah yang bersubstrat pasir dan berlumpur. Penelitian ini bertujuan. mengetahui kisaran ukuran panjang cangkang,,lebar cangakang, tubuh, berat tubuh, dan berat organ lunak, selanjutnya mengetahui pertambahan panjang, lebar cangkang, tebal tubuh, berat tubuh, dan berat organ lunak berdasarkan kelas ukuran, dan juga  mengetahui hubungan pertumbuhan panjang cangkang, dan berat cangkang, dan  mengetahui faktor kondisi kerang di setiap kelas ukuran.  Pengambilan sampel di lakukan pada siang hari saat surut terendah pada bulan januari 2014. Berdasarkan kegiatan penelitian di wilayah pesisir Desa Nusajaya Kecamatan Waslei Selatan Kabupaten Halmahera Timur Maluku Utara, dikumpulkani  153 individu kerang totok (Polymesoda erosa). Hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa setiap pertambahan panjang cangkang akan diikuti dengan pertambahan berat secara proporsional mengikuti nilai Intercept (a) = 0.470779, dan koefisien regresi (b) = 0,690957. Niilai koefisien korelasi (r) = 0. 406357 menyatakan  adanya korelasi positif yang menerangkan terdapat keeratan hubungan  antara pertambahan panjang cangkang dengan pertambahan berat berat tubuh sebesar 40.63 %   Kata kunci :Karakteristik Morfometrik dan Faktor kondisi KerangTotok Maluku utara   1Bagian dari skripsi 2Mahasiswa Program Studi Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan FPIK-UNSRAT 3Staf pengajar Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Community Structure of Cucumber (Holothuroidea) in Kakara Island Village Beach Subdistrict Tobelo

Sea cucumbers are marine resources that have economically important value and one potential sufficient resources to serve nutritious meals so that the exploitation of this resource will continue to increase for food need. This can lead to changes in community structure. Sampling was done at night while the lowest ebb on August 20, 2013. The objective of this research work was to identity the species, the species to determine composition, and the population density and to know the species dominance, species diversity, and determine the form of interspecific association. Based on the results of research conducted in the District Tobelo Beach Island District Kakara Tobelo sea cucumber species found were 8 species, Holothuria atra, Actinopygia lecanora, Stichopus horrens, Bohadschia argus, Holothuria hilla, Actinopygia achinites, Holothuria pardalis, and Bohadschia marmorata. The diversity index H '= 1.9463, equity index or harmony e = 0.9359, and dominance index C = 0.1592. In addition, among 8 species associations if formed 9 pairs of positive associations and 19 pairs of negative associations.   Keywords : Structure communities, Holothuroidea, Tobel

Seagrass Community At Kampung Ambong’s Water East Likupang Subdistrict, North Minahasa Regency

This Research is done at Kampung Ambong’s Water East Likupang Subdistrict, North Minahasa Regency. The aim of this research is to know the type composition of seagrass and to analyzed soliding, dominatting index, various index, index of spreadness. The data taken with the line transect method. The transect placement divided become 3 transect line that  located it uphold straight of beach line  each of them 95 meter long. Meanwhile the space between one transect to another (second and third) each 100 m.Meanwhile the space between one transect to another (second and third) each 100 m. All of them identified as : Cymodocea rotundata, Syringodium isoetifolium, Halophila decipiens, Halodule pinifolia, Cymodocea serrulata, Enhalus acoroides, Halphila minor,  Thalassia hempricii, Halodule uninervis, Halophila spinulosa. From the soliding each species show the highest score which is Cymodocea rotundata 2608 individu/m2, Syringodium isoetifolium 816 individu/m2, Halophila decipiens 420 individu/m2, Halodule pinifolia 292 individu/m2, Cymodocea serrulata 268 individu/m2, Enhalus acoroides 260 individu/m2, Halophila minor 224 individu/m2, Thalassia hempricii 160 individu/m2, Halodule uninervis 124 individu/m2, Halophila spinulosa 20 individu/m2.Whereas dominatting index be obtained 0.3 be in low category. its mean there is no species that to dominate in that water. Various index be obtained 1.65 be in mid category. it show that species community almost in spread condition, because it has the same opportunity.Index of spreadness be obtained 0.72 be in   high category, because it has a mixing seagrass field.Keywords:  community, composition, seagrass soliding. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan di Perairan Kampung Ambong Kecamatan Likupang Timur Kabupaten Minahasa Utara.Tujuan dari penelitian ini mengetahui komposisi jenis lamun dan menganalisis kepadatan, indeks dominasi, indeks keanekaragaman, indeks kemerataan.  Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan metode garis transek.  Penempatan transek di bagi menjadi 3 garis transek yang di letakkan tegak lurus garis pantai dengan panjang masing-masing garis transek 95 meter.  Sedangkan jarak antara transek 1 dengan transek yang lain (2 dan 3) masing-masing 100 m. Dari hasil penelitian komposisi jumlah spesies lamun (seagrass) adalah 10. Kesepuluh spesies yang teridentifikasi yaitu: Cymodocea rotundata, Syringodium isoetifolium, Halophila decipiens, Halodule pinifolia, Cymodocea serrulata, Enhalus acoroides, Halphila minor,  Thalassia hempricii, Halodule uninervis, Halophila spinulosa.Kepadatan masing-masing spesies  diperoleh menunjukkan nilai tertinggi yaitu Cymodocea rotundata 2608 individu/m2, Syringodium isoetifolium 816 individu/m2, Halophila decipiens 420 individu/m2, Halodule pinifolia 292 individu/m2, Cymodocea serrulata 268 individu/m2, Enhalus acoroides 260 individu/m2, Halophila minor 224 individu/m2, Thalassia hempricii 160individu/m2, Halodule uninervis 124individu/m2, Halophila spinulosa 20 individu/m2.  Sedangkan indeks dominasi diperoleh 0.3 berada dalam kategori rendah, artinya tidak ada spesies yang mendominasi di perairan tersebut. Indeks keanekaragaman diperoleh 1.65 berada dalam kategori  sedang.  Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa komunitas spesies dalam kondisihampir merata, karena memiliki peluang yang sama. Indeks kemerataan diperoleh 0.72 berada dalam kategori tinggi, karena memiliki padang lamun campuran.Kata kunci : komunitas, komposisi, kepadatan lamun

Growth Of Brown Algae, Padina australis, In The Coastal waters of Serei Village, West Likupang District, North Minahasa Regency

Marine algae is one resource that has important economic value because it has cagar, carrageen and alginate ontent (Indriani and Sumiarsih, 1999). In the world of science, the word algae comes from the Greek , algor which means cold (Nontji, 2002). Padina australis is a species of marine algae belong to Phaeophyta Division (brown algae) which is commonly found in marine waters, from shallow to deep waters. This algae has a wide transparent brown sheet or filament shape. This study was aimed to observe the growth of algae P. australis by using case study method where samples of Padina algae taken from nature were placed into basket as container for culturing. While the technique used is cultivation using basket; in order to determine the growth, algae was analyzed further by measuring the maximum weight of P. australis living without substrate. Some environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, depth and tides were recorded to see their impact on the growth of P. australis. Serei village is the location of the research on the growth of this P. australis. The result also records that P. australis can only live about three weeks and after that die. The growth of P. australis was greatest in the 8th container weighing 23 gr.Keywords: Growth, Padina australis, Desa Serei ABSTRAKAlga laut adalah salah satu sumberdaya yang mempunyai nilai ekonomis penting karena memiliki kandungan agar, karaginan dan alginat (Indriani dan Sumiarsih, 1999). Dalam dunia ilmu pengetahuan, alga berasal dari bahasa Yunani yaitu Algor yang berarti dingin (Nontji, 2002). Padina australis merupakan spesies alga laut dari Divisi Phaeophyta (alga cokelat) yang pada umumnya tersebar di perairan laut, mulai perairan laut dangkal hingga perairan dalam. Alga ini memiliki bentuk lembaran atau filamen yang lebar yang berwarna cokelat transparan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati pertumbuhan alga Padina australis lewat metode studi kasus dimana sampel alga Padina yang diambil dari alam  kemudian ditempatkan ke dalam keranjang sebagai wadah budidaya alga Padina australis. Sedangkan teknik yang digunakan adalah teknik budidaya dengan menggunakan keranjang. Pertumbuhan dianalisis berdasrakan pertambahan berat malsimum P. australis yang hidup tanpa substrat. Beberapa factor lingkungan antara lain suhu, salinitas, kedalaman dan pasang surut diukur untuk melihat dampaknya terhadap pertumbuhan P. australis. Desa Serei merupakan lokasi dilakukannya penelitian pertumbuhan alga P. australis ini. Setelah dilakukan pengamatan P. australis hanya bisa hidup sekitar tiga minggu dan setelah itu mati dan hancur. Pertumbuhan P. australis paling besar terjadi pada wadah ke-8 dengan berat 23 gr.                                                                                                                   Kata kunci : Pertumbuhan, Padina australis, Desa Sere