Distinct element modelling of the mechanical behaviour of intact rocks using voronoi tessellation model

This paper aims to study the mechanical behaviour and failure mechanism of intact rocks under different loading conditions using the grain based model implemented in the universal distinct element code (UDEC). The grain based numerical model is a powerful tool to investigate complicated micro-structural mechanical behaviour of rocks. In the UDEC grain based model, the intact material is simulated as assemblies of a number of polygonal blocks bonded together at their contact areas. To investigate the ability of such a numerical framework, uniaxial and triaxial compression tests as well as direct tensile test were simulated in UDEC and then the results were compared with the laboratory experiments undertaken on Hawkesbury sandstone. There was a good agreement between the experimental and numerical under different loading conditions. In order to investigate the effect of micro-properties of the grain based model, blocks and contacts, on the laboratory scale intact rocks, a set of parametric study was undertaken. The results from this analysis confirmed that the block size is an intrinsic characteristic of a model which has significant effects on the mechanical behaviour of the numerical models. Also, it was concluded that the cohesion and friction angle of contact surfaces control both uniaxial and triaxial compressive strengths. Finally, it was found that in the triaxial compression test, as the applied confining pressure increases, the effect of contact cohesion on the strength decreases while the effect of friction angle increases

Discrimination of Paederus fuscipes and Paederus littoralis by mtDNA-COI PCR-RFLP

Background: Linear dermatitis is endemic in Iran where most cases occur in the Caspian Sea coast and Fars prov­ince. The disease is caused by beetles of the genus Paederus which are active from early spring to beginning of au­tumn although its incidence rises from May to August. The classic taxonomy of Paederus spp. is based on the male genitalia that is very complex and needs expertise. In this study, we report a DNA-based method to discriminate Paederus fuscipes and Paederus littoralis (=syn: P. lenkoranus, P. ilsae). Methods: Type specimens were collected from north and south of Iran. Molecular typing of the species was per­formed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-am­plified fragments of mtDNA-COI. Results: Sequence analyses of the data obtained in this study showed significant DNA polymorphisms. There were 89 substitutions between COI sequences of the two species. The mtDNA-COI fragment comprises several useful species-specific restriction sites comprising HaeIII that could result in distinctively different species-specific PCR–RFLP profiles. The HaeIII enzyme cuts the 872 bp PCR amplicon of P. littoralis into 737 and 100 bp and two small nonvisible bands whereas it does not cut P. fuscipes amplicon into fragments. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that molecular typing is useful method and allows one to differentiate between two species and is recommended for discrimination of other Paederus species, which morphologically are indistin­guishable or very difficult to be distinguished