Bilateral Moyamoya Disease in a 2-Year-Old Pakistani Male Treated with Bilateral Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis: A Positive Outcome.

Background. We present a rare case of bilateral moyamoya disease presenting as multiple strokes and neurological deficits, treated with the neurosurgical procedure, encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS), in a 2-year-old male Pakistani minor. A positive outcome was achieved and the patient recovered fully. Case Summary. Our patient presented with a history of seizures and multiple episodes of hemiparesis (on and off weakness) at the age of 2 years. He had a delayed speech development and could not speak more than a few words. He had a slight slurring of speech too. He was diagnosed with bilateral moyamoya disease on Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA). Bilateral EDAS was done in the same year, after which his symptoms improved and patient had moderate functional recovery. Conclusion. A rare disease, moyamoya has been left unexplored in Pakistan; physicians and surgeons when dealing with cases in the pediatric population presenting with symptoms of stroke, signs of generalized weakness, and seizures should consider moyamoya disease as a possibility. Furthermore, this case demonstrates the effectiveness of EDAS procedure for the treatment of moyamoya disease

Sustainable Land Management: an efficient tool to combat desertification in China

China is the third largest country in the world with large population and scared arable land, where arid semi-aridand dry sub-humid regions enclosed 2,976,000km2. In Northern China extreme arid areas covers 697,000km2.The total land figure of 2,080,000km2 has decertified land, which uncompressed over 30 percent of the total landterritory through adversely effected 400 million peoples. China has 22% of the world population have only 6.4percent of global land area, hence sustainable land management is perilous for the country long term agricultureeconomy, however while some states enjoyed continued high level of productivity, others remain feelingssensible to split deprivation. Over 40% of the country is adversely effected. Yet many dry land developingcountries, the maximum land is cruelly caused through land degradation. The desertification is mostly because ofthe observation unsustainable land management. The condition of additional serious about the shortage of water,regular deficiency, ostentatious flood, and the impact on climate change. The resulting to influence ofdevelopment in deserts, Decrease land productivity and accordingly increase hip desertification andintensification in rural poverty. There are strategies recognized, economic and socioeconomic issues whichconsequence harmfully to sustainable management of land in China..Key words; Desertification, Land Management, Sustainable drought, water managemen

Comparing economic efficiency of wheat productivity in different cropping systems of Sindh Province, Pakistan

The data for this empirical study were collected from three major cropping systems of Sindh province, and a total of 240 farmers were selected by simple random sampling technique. Cobb-Douglas production function was applied to analyze the data. Results show that in mixed cropping zone wheat yield increased with increasing ploughing, seed and plant protection. The dominant factors behind yield increase in the cotton-wheat cropping zone were ploughing, seed, fertilizer, and irrigation. Wheat yield in the Rice-wheat zone increased linearly with increasing ploughing, seed and fertilizer as well as plant protection measures. Further the results show that salinity and water logging are the driving threats leading to high water table in most regions of upper Sindh. Due to poor land management and improper irrigation strategies, the coefficient of irrigation shows negative value. Contrarily, lower Sindh needs canal irrigation water (i.e. Mixed and cotton-wheat zone), because most of the areas have unfit ground water for irrigation, thus increasing the soil erosion and salinity in lower Sindh. Furthermore, the cost of production estimated in cotton-wheat zone’s grower spends more USD$841/ha as compared to rice-wheat zone’s grower and Mixed cropping zone’s grower spend USD$827/ha and USD$780/ha. The growers of the whole Sindh spend USD$816/ha. In case of gross income cotton-wheat zone’s grower received higher than 1287, followed by the growers of mixed cropping zone and rice-wheat zone received USD$1248/ha and USD$1132/ha due to high cost of production. The overall Sindh growers received USD$1222/ha. In the case of net return grower of mixed cropping zones received higher USD$481/ha, compared to cotton-wheat zone’s and rice-wheat zone’s grower received USD$451/ha and USD$308/ha, respectively. The growers of the whole Sindh province received USD$413/ha net return from wheat crop. The production of wheat is lower as compared to cost. Therefore, net income of per acre and the production cost of per acre reduce with farm size, so increasing the use of inputs should assure the quantity and quality by the approach of growers. Keywords: Wheat farming, Economic analysis, Sustainable farming, Production function, Sindh Pakista