Induction of the Synthesis of Triton-Soluble Proteins in Human Keratinocytes by Gamma Interferon

Recombinant human gamma interferon (r-IFN-γ) induces the synthesis and expression of HLA-DR antigen on cultured, normal, human keratinocytes depleted of Langerhans cells. After removal of r-IFN-γ from the culture medium of keratinocytes that are expressing HLA-DR antigen, the cells continue to express this antigen for at least 2 days. r-IFN-γ induces, in a dose dependent fashion, the synthesis of several triton-soluble proteins with the most prominent having an apparent molecular weight of 53,000. Whereas normal keratinocytes do not express HLADR antigen in vivo, they do express HLA-DR in a variety of skin diseases such as lichen planus, graft-versushost disease, and mycosis fungoides. We propose that an understanding of lymphocyte-keratinocyte interactions in vivo may be achieved by further studies of the mechanism of action of r-IFN-γ on cultured keratinocytes and that the results may provide insight into the pathophysiology leading to a number of common inflammatory and neoplastic skin diseases

Effects of Recombinant Interleukin 1 and Interleukin 2 on Human Keratinocytes

The effects of recombinant interleukin 1 alpha and beta, as well as recombinant interleukin 2, on human keratinocyte proliferation were studied in serum-containing as well as defined media. Both interleukin 1 preparations did not stimulate keratinocyte growth; interleukin 2 also did not stimulate keratinocyte growth. To determine whether interleukin 1 beta binds to keratinocytes, a cell membrane assay was developed for these cells. Iodinated interleukin 1 beta binds to keratinocytes with a kD of 6.2nm and 2500 receptors per cell. To determine the effects of interleukin 1 beta on protein synthesis, the molecular patterns of radiolabeled cell extracts of interleukin 1 beta-treated and nontreated keratinocytes were compared using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No significant changes in the molecular pattern of newly synthesized proteins were detected. Finally, none of these lymphokines induced HLA-DR expression by keratinocytes

Deliberative capacity in the intellectual property rights regime complex

World politics is increasingly described in terms of regime complexity – the proliferation of regulatory arrangements operating within the same policy domain. This concept has been fruitfully applied to a variety of fields including trade, climate change, human rights, energy, refugee and security politics. Although empirical work on regime complexity has burgeoned, normative work has lagged behind. In this article, I explore whether regime complexity hinders or promotes deliberative democracy. This focus is motivated in response to the much-discussed global democratic deficit. I undertake this analysis by applying the recent ‘systemic turn’ in deliberative theory. Specifically, I draw upon John Dryzek’s notion of deliberative capacity to assess whether regime complexity provides space to develop inclusive, authentic and consequential deliberation. To gain traction on this argument, I look at the regime complex which governs intellectual property rights. In addition to this normative assessment, I also begin probing the scope conditions under which deliberative capacity arises. I suggest that forum shopping, inter-institutional competition and decentralized authority – all core features of regime complexity – enable (but do not guarantee) deliberative capacity. Overall, I argue that treating regime complexes as deliberative systems opens novel ways of thinking about global democratization