“Virtual Water”: a modern means of resolving water distribution disputes between Israel and the Palestinians

The notion of a water deficit in the Middle East is not a new occurrence. Many generations inhabiting the area have been fighting for control over rivers and lakes in order to gain a constant water supply, as well as an advantageous position over the neighboring countries. After 2000, water, like trees, became a special focus of conflict in the Intifada. The government of Israel and the Palestinian Authority have been involved in many negotiations and confrontations struggling to establish an equal water distribution throughout the region. However, due to the violent history of their relations, the compromise is yet to be set

Water and the Treaty of Peace between Israel and Jordan

The Treaty of Peace between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan was signed at the southern border crossing of Wadi Araba on October 26, 1994. It symbolized one of the world’s most famous water – sharing agreements – in addition to making Jordan the only Arab country after Egypt to normalize relations with Israel. The Jordanian – Israeli Peace Treaty is part of the efforts towards joint management of water resources

An overview of the water conditions in Palestinian villages

The important priorities in the region are the management of water quality through conservation measures and the appropriate use of treated sewage water. However, no sewage water treatment plant exists to serve these communities. Another consideration must be given to food security that is not dependent on local water supplies but on access to world markets. Access to world markets is dependant on the presence of a stable economy and political condition, which is based on a healthy workforce and community. This presently absent, due to the low living conditions, most of which are directly related to the quality of water available to them

Large Scale Structures, Symmetry, and Universality in Sandpiles

We introduce a sandpile model where, at each unstable site, all grains are transferred randomly to downstream neighbors. The model is local and conservative, but not Abelian. This does not appear to change the universality class for the avalanches in the self-organized critical state. It does, however, introduce long-range spatial correlations within the metastable states. We find large scale networks of occupied sites whose density vanishes in the thermodynamic limit, for d>1.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

Avalanche Merging and Continuous Flow in a Sandpile Model

A dynamical transition separating intermittent and continuous flow is observed in a sandpile model, with scaling functions relating the transport behaviors between both regimes. The width of the active zone diverges with system size in the avalanche regime but becomes very narrow for continuous flow. The change of the mean slope, Delta z, on increasing the driving rate, r, obeys Delta z ~ r^{1/theta}. It has nontrivial scaling behavior in the continuous flow phase with an exponent theta given, paradoxically, only in terms of exponents characterizing the avalanches theta = (1+z-D)/(3-D).Comment: Explanations added; relation to other model

Cerai Gugat: Telaah Penyebab Perceraian Pada Keluarga di Indonesia

Data Badan Peradilan Agama (BADILAG) menyatakan bahwa perceraian di Indonesia setiap tahunnya selalu meningkat. Rata-rata perceraian didominasi oleh cerai gugat. Hal ini menarik perhatian untuk diteliti. Metode penelitian menggunakan kualitatif deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data berdasarkan studi literatur dan wawancara mendalam pada istri yang melakukan gugat cerai. Hasil studi literatur tentang perceraian di Indonesia terlihat bahwa penyebab perceraian antara lain faktor ekonomi, faktor komunikasi yang buruk, faktor adanya orang ketiga atau perselingkuhan, serta faktor sosial dan budaya. Hasil wawancara mendalam menunjukan bahwa pasangan yang ingin menikah menganggap pendidikan pra-nikah hanya sebatas formalitas proses untuk melaksanakan pernikahan serta rata-rata pasangan yang sudah bercerai mengakui bahwa minimnya kesadaran terhadap makna pernikahan.Kata Kunci – Gugatan Perceraian, Faktor Perceraian, Studi Pustaka

Cerai Gugat: Telaah Penyebab Perceraian pada Keluarga di Indonesia

Data Badan Peradilan Agama (BADILAG) menyatakan bahwa perceraian di Indonesia setiap tahunnya selalu meningkat. Rata-rata perceraian didominasi oleh cerai gugat. Hal ini menarik perhatian untuk diteliti. Metode penelitian menggunakan kualitatif deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data berdasarkan studi literatur dan wawancara mendalam pada istri yang melakukan gugat cerai. Hasil studi literatur tentang perceraian di Indonesia terlihat bahwa penyebab perceraian antara lain faktor ekonomi, faktor komunikasi yang buruk, faktor adanya orang ketiga atau perselingkuhan, serta faktor sosial dan budaya. Hasil wawancara mendalam menunjukan bahwa pasangan yang ingin menikah menganggap pendidikan pra-nikah hanya sebatas formalitas proses untuk melaksanakan pernikahan serta rata-rata pasangan yang sudah bercerai mengakui bahwa minimnya kesadaran terhadap makna pernikahan.Kata Kunci – Gugatan Perceraian, Faktor Perceraian, Studi Pustaka