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Not AvailableThe livestock rearing system in our country is slowly getting shifted from backyard farming as an addendum to agriculture farming to full fledged scientific rearing. It is being viewed as a separate business with good global marketing potential. In this scenario, it is necessary to have a healthy disease free herd, which calls for an early disease detection and diagnosis. To achieve this a systematic study of diseases in the population is necessary. Such a study i.e., epidemiology, is essential to target the global market for the livestock produce and products. This paper reviews the various procedures that can be adopted for livestock disease investigation which will be approved by the scientific community.Not Availabl

In Book: Neglected Zoonosis:Concern for one Health

Not AvailableDescribes about the anthrax disease in livestockNot Availabl

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Not AvailableYak (Bos grunniens) is multipurpose long haired ruminant reared by the poor tribal farmers for wool, milk, meat, etc in the high altitudes of Himalayan region of Indian Territory. There is a serious concern about increasing morbidity and mortality of yak due to respiratory diseases. Nasal swab sample was collected from pneumonic yak in Amies charcoal transport media from Arunachal Pradesh, India and processed for bacterial isolation and identification and direct PCR detection in 18h BHI enriched broth sample. Based on biochemical characteristics and multiplex PCR, the culture was identified as K. pneumoniae (isolate No. KP1) and in in-vitro antibiotic sensitivity test, the isolate was resistant to ampicillin. The 16S rRNA sequence analysis and 16S rRNA secondary structure prediction revealed close geographical relatedness to environmental K. pneumoniae PB12 from River Mahananda from East India and K. pneumoniae JPR 9 isolated from soil samples of Assam. This study describes pneumonia in yak due to K. pneumoniae from Arunachal Pradesh, India by direct PCR detection from enriched clinical sample, isolation, PCR and 16S rRNA sequence, phylogenetic and secondary structure relation studiesNot Availabl

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Not AvailableA study was conducted to assess the impact of summer season-related heat stress and nutritional stress individually as well as simultaneously on the adaptive capability of goats. Twenty four adult Osmanabadi bucks (average body weight (BW) 16.0 kg) were divided into four groups, C (n = 6; control), HS (n = 6; heat stress), NS (n = 6; nutritional stress) and CS (n = 6; combined stress). The study was conducted for a period of 45 days. The NS and CS bucks were under restricted feed to induce nutritional stress. The HS and CS bucks were exposed to summer heat stress. The animals exhibited different physiological adaptive behavior in the morning and afternoon. Further, the higher plasma cortisol (p < 0.01) and aldosterone (p < 0.05) was recorded in CS group as compared to other groups. The highest degree of degenerative changes and hyperactivity of endocrine cells was recorded in CS group liver and adrenal gland respectively. The higher expression of adrenal and hepatic Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70)messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was reported in CS and HS goats respectively. It can be concluded from this study that plasma cortisol and adrenal HSP70 gene expression may be considered as ideal biological markers for combined stresses in Osmanabadi bucks.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableRabies virus (RABV) is neurotropic and causes acute progressive encephalitis. Herein, we report the interaction of nAChRα1-subunit peptides with RABV and the effect of these peptides on RABV infection in cultured neuronal cells. Peptide sequences derived from torpedo, bovine, human and rats were synthesized and studied for their interactions with RABV using virus capture ELISA and peptide immunofluorescence. The results showed specific binding of the nAChRα1-subunit peptides to the RABV. In the virus adsorption assay, these peptides were found to inhibit the attachment of the RABV to the neuronal cells. The nAChRα1-subunit peptides inhibited the RABV infection and reduced viral gene expression in the cultured neuroblastoma (N2A) cells. Torpedo peptide sequence (T-32) had highest antiviral effect (IC50=14±3.01μM) compared to the other peptides studied. The results of the study indicated that nAChRα1-subunit peptides may act as receptor decoy molecules and inhibit the binding of virus to the native host cell receptors and hence may reduce viral infection.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableRabies a fatal viral zoonosis is endemic in India. There is no report on phylogenetic study of Indian rabies virus isolates based on the complete G gene. In the present study, a total of 25 rabies positive brain samples collected during 2001-2014 from North India (UP, MP, Delhi, Rajasthan), South India (Kerala and Karnataka) and Gujarat states belonging to six different host species were subjected to G gene amplification by RT-PCR as three overlapping fragments of 881 bp, 991 bp and 618 bp. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all Indian rabies virus isolates are genetically closely related with Arctic-like 1a lineage viruses. However, two distinct clusters were identified namely, India South and India North. All the Indian rabies isolates had 95.5-100% homology related to geography, but not to host species. Deduced amino acids on comparison revealed two amino acid changes, aa 356 in ECTO; N→K and aa 458; M→I, which were found to distinguish between the India South and India North isolates.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe role of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1α/β (IL-1α/β), IL-6, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferons, nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in pathogenesis of rabies is being actively pursued. Presently, levels of certain immune molecules in pathogenesis of rabies in mice have been investigated. CVS strain of rabies infection resulted in early increase in iNOS, TNF-α, caspase-1, Fas ligand (FasL) and toll-like receptor-3 (TLR-3) mRNA levels in brain, and nitric oxide levels in serum. The severity of clinical signs and microscopic lesions largely correlated with NO levels. Aminoguanidine (AG; iNOS inhibitor) decreased NO production with delay in development of clinical signs and increase in survival time. Prolonged survival time correlated with reduced viral load evident by real-time PCR, reduced fluorescent signals of rabies antigen in brain and reduced immunohistochemistry signals in neuronal cytoplasm. These parameters suggested that nitric oxide did influence the rabies virus replication. Inhibition of iNOS by AG administration led to decreased expression of TNF-α, caspase-1, FasL and TLR-3 mRNA levels suggesting that increase in NO levels in rabies virus infection possibly contributed to development of disease through inflammation, apoptosis and immune-evasive mechanismsNot Availabl

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Not AvailableThe primary objective of the study was to compare the impact of heat stress on meat production characteristics of Osmanabadi and Salem Black breed goats based on changes in carcass characteristics, meat quality attributes, plasma leptin concentration, skeletal muscle myostatin and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene expression patterns. The goats were randomly distributed into four groups: OSC (n = 6; Osmanabadi Control), OSHS (n = 6; Osmanabadi Heat Stress), SBC (n = 6; Salem Black Control) and SBHS (n = 6; Salem Black Heat Stress). The animals were slaughtered at the end of the study and their meat characteristics were assessed. This study established the impact of heat stress on a wide variety of carcass and meat quality characteristics in OS and SB goat breeds. The results from the study also provided some crucial evidence for a better resilience capacity of Salem Black breed as compared to Osmanabadi goats in maintaining the meat production during heat stress. The study also established plasma leptin and HSP70 genes to be the ideal biomarkers to reflect the impact of heat stress on meat characteristics in indigenous goats.ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiolog

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Not AvailableA study was conducted to assess the impact of heat stress, nutritional stress and combined stresses (heat and nutritional stress) on rumen fermentation characteristics, histopathology of rumen and rumen HSP70 gene expression in goats. Twenty four adult Osmanabadi bucks were divided into four groups, C (n=6; control), HS (n=6; heat stress), NS (n=6; nutritional stress) and CS (n=6; combined stress). The study was conducted for a period of 45 days. The C and HS bucks had ad libitum access to their feed while NS and CS bucks were subjected to restricted feed (30% intake of C bucks) to induce nutritional stress. The HS and CS bucks were exposed to heat stress in an outside environment. Both feed intake and body weight were significantly (p < 0.01) lower in CS and NS groups. The carboxy methyl cellulase activities-extracellular, intracellular and total activity in the rumen fluid differed significantly (p < 0.01) between the groups. The highest concentration of ammonia nitrogen (p < 0.05) was recorded in C while the lowest in the CS group. The concentration of total nitrogen and trichloroacetic acid precipitable N, propionic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid was lower (p < 0.01) in the restricted fed (NS and CS) bucks as compared to ad libitum fed groups (C and HS). Further, the ratio of acetate to propionate (A: P ratio) was also significantly (p < 0.01) higher in CS and NS groups. The higher expression of rumen heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) mRNA was observed in CS goats. The histopathological section of rumen revealed a reduction in the length of rumen villi and thickness in CS, whereas rumen keratinization was highest in the CS group. From the study it can be concluded that when two stresses occur simultaneously, they may have severe impact on rumen fermentation characteristics of bucks.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA study was conducted to assess the combined effects of heat and nutritional stress on body weight changes and HSP70 gene expressionin Osmanabadi goats. Twenty four adult Osmanabadi bucks were divided into four groups of six animals each viz. C (control), HS (heat stress), NS (nutritional stress) and CS (combined stress). The C and HS bucks had ad libitum access to their feed while NS and CS bucks were subjected to restricted feed (30% intake of C bucks) to induce nutritional stress. The HS and CS bucks were exposed to heat stress in outside environment for six hours a day between 10:00 h to 16:00 h. Both C and HS groups showed significantly higher (P<0.01) body weight and body condition scoring as compared to NS and CS groups. The highest plasma growth hormone (P<0.01) was recorded in CS group and the lowest in all stress groups (C, HS and NS). The higher (P<0.05) expression of testicular Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) mRNA was reported in HS groups. It can be concluded from this study that when nutrition is not compromised Osmanabadi goats were able to withstand heat stress without compromising productionICA