Flow Enhancement of Ginseng and other Fine Powders with Rotating and Conventional Fluidized Bed

With increasing of the market for Ginseng products, further improvements in Ginseng technology are required in order to meet the increasing demand, while maintaining a superior quality and adequate volume. The most commercial ginseng products are made from ginseng powder. In addition, for some applications such as tablet and capsule formulation, it is crucial to control and monitor powder flow for product quality assurance. However, although fine powders are preferred by many applications across industries given their many advantages such as relatively larger specific area, the difficulties encountered in powder handling processes due to the cohesive nature of fine powders have prevented them from being widely applied. This study was applied high shear wet granulation to improve the flow property of fine Ginseng and other fine powders. After that, evaluating of fine powders and their granulates was studied in the Conventional Fluidized Bed and a newly invented Rotating Fluidized Bed. High Ginseng concentration granules were made by high shear wet granulation. The Conventional Fluidized Bed has some disadvantages which are shown in this study. A new Rotating Fluidized Bed was designed by Professor. Jesse Zhu was introduced in this study, which can overcome the Conventional Fluidized Bed limitations. It can treat Geldart group C as a Geldart group A and improve its flowability. Fine powder was fluidized and high Ginseng concentration tablet can be made which is not possible without granulation

The efficacy and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines around the world: a mini-review and meta-analysis

Abstract Objectives This meta-analysis evaluated the Efficacy and Effectiveness of several COVID-19 vaccines, including AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Moderna, Bharat, and Johnson & Johnson, to better estimate their immunogenicity, benefits, or side effects. Methods Studies reporting the Efficacy and Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines from November 2020 to April 2022 were included. The pooled Effectiveness/Efficacy with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) with Metaprop order was calculated. The results were presented in forest plots. Predefined subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were also performed. Results A total of twenty articles were included in this meta-analysis. After the first dose of the vaccine, the total effectiveness of all COVID-19 vaccines in our study was 71% (95% CI 0.65, 0.78). The total effectiveness of vaccines after the second dose was 91% (95% CI 0.88, 0.94)). The total efficacy of vaccines after the first and second doses was 81% (95% CI 0.70, 0.91) and 71% (95% CI 0.62, 0.79), respectively. The effectiveness of the Moderna vaccine after the first and second dose was the highest among other studied vaccines ((74% (95% CI, 0.65, 0.83) and 93% (95% CI, 0.89, 0.97), respectively). The highest first dose overall effectiveness of the studied vaccines was against the Gamma variant (74% (95% CI, 0.73, 0.75)), and the highest effectiveness after the second dose was observed against the Beta variant (96% (95% CI, 0.96, 0.96)). The Efficacy for AstraZeneca and Pfizer vaccines after the first dose was 78% (95% CI, 0.62, 0.95) and 84% (95% CI, 0.77, 0.92), respectively. The second dose Efficacy for AstraZeneca, Pfizer, and Bharat was 67% (95% CI, 0.54, 0.80), 93% (95% CI, 0.85, 1.00), and 71% (95% CI, 0.61, 0.82), respectively. The overall efficacy of first and second dose vaccination against the Alfa variant was 84% (95% CI, 0.84, 0.84) and 77% (95% CI, 0.57, 0.97), respectively, the highest among other variants. Conclusion mRNA-based vaccines against COVID-19 showed the highest total efficacy and effectiveness than other vaccines. In general, administering the second dose produced a more reliable response and higher effectiveness than a single dose