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Not AvailableHighly weathered laterite soils are a characteristic feature of humid tropics with undulating topography and high rainfall. The crop of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) has been cultivated in such landscapes, mainly to prevent further degradation due to the drought hardiness of cashew and requirement of very limited soil disturbances for its cultivation. Providing proper nutrient management is important for balancing the nutrient removal by tree crops especially in poor fertile soils. A study was initiated, after 5 years of application of inorganic fertilisers and organic amendments to cashew in a weathered tropical soil, to evaluate the effects of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on soil aggregation and biochemical characteristics. The experiment consisted of 11 treatments as Farm Yard Manure (FYM) alone; FYM + biofertiliser consortia; FYM, rock phosphate and wood ash; poultry manure; In situ composting using recyclable cashew biomass and weeds; In situ composting using recyclable cashew biomass and weeds + green manuring; vermicomposting of recyclable cashew biomass; FYM + organic cakes + recyclable cashew biomass + biofertiliser consortia; recommended dose of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertiliser (NPK fertiliser); recommended NPK fertiliser + FYM; and control without nutrient application. Soil samples were collected from surface 0–30 cm layer. The soil samples were fractionated into three aggregate sizes, i.e., >2 mm (large macroaggregates), 0.25–2 mm (small macroaggregates), 0.053 to 0.25 mm (microaggregates) and <0.053 mm (silt + clay size fraction) using wet sieving. The results indicated that the organic sources of nutrient application increased the proportion of large and small macroaggregates. The treatments receiving only inorganic nutrients and no nutrients contained significantly higher silt + clay fractions (47.7 and 45.5% respectively). A higher percentage of water stable aggregates (47.4–70.7%) and increased aggregate stability (mean weight diameter) (0.78–1.26 mm) was recorded with the application of organic sources of nutrients. Aggregates in the silt + clay size faction and microaggregates recorded significantly higher carbon compared to small and large macroaggregates. Compared to control, the application of different organic amendments increased the soil organic matter (SOM) by 2.2–12.7% in silt + clay size fraction; 14.6–37.0% in microaggregates; 18.4–51.7% in small macroaggregates and 17.7–50.9% in large macroaggregates. Our findings reinforce that the annual application of manures and amendments to weathered tropical soil is important to improve biological properties of soil in terms of soil enzyme activities, microbial carbon and nitrogen, and to prevent further degradation of soil under such fragile environment.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTo assess the effect of planting density and irrigation in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) during its critical growth stages such as flowering and fruit set on, growth, yield, water-use efficiency and farm income, a field experiment was initiated in a split-plot design in 2011 at Puttur, Karnataka, India. The main plot consisted of three planting densities namely, 5 × 4 m, 6 × 4 m and 10 × 5 m. The irrigation treatments were imposed in subplots as, irrigation at 60% cumulative pan evaporation (CPE), at 40% CPE, at 20% CPE, irrigation once in 15 days, soil and water conservation technique, and control (without any irrigation or soil water conservation technique). The results indicated that the growth, raw cashew nut yield and net income during 5th and 6th year of plantation of cashew increased with increase in planting density per unit area. The average increase in nut yield under high density planting ranged from 75 to 81% compared to normal density planting. Irrigation using drip system from December to March at 20% CPE and 40% CPE was beneficial to increase the nut yield by 53.5% and 34.1% compared to control. The yield increase under soil and water conservation practice was 12.9%, and 59.7% under irrigation once in 15 days. The increased planting density was beneficial to increase the net income and benefit–cost ratio. The deficit irrigation practices were useful to increase the water-use efficiency in cashew. Widely spaced trees showed increased water-use efficiency compared to high-density planting. Overall, the study demonstrated the usefulness of increased planting density and appropriate irrigation practices to increase yield and net income from cashew orchards.Not Availabl