Variabilité fonctionnelle de gènes candidats de la lignification chez l’eucalyptus

La lignine représente 25% de la biomasse des végétaux terrestre. Sa quantité et sa qualité sont variables au sein des populations naturelles et sont devenues des cibles de l’amélioration génétique des eucalyptus. L’identification des polymorphismes génétiques impliqués dans la variation de ces caractères permettrait de disposer d’outils de diagnostic moléculaire pour une sélection précoce des meilleurs géniteurs et ainsi contribuer à l’augmentation des gains génétiques par unité de temps. Dans ce travail de thèse nous avons décrit la variabilité nucléotidique de gènes impliqués dans la biosynthèse des lignines, ainsi que la part de la variation génétique de ces deux caractères chez trois espèces d’Eucalyptus. En intégrant ces deux niveaux de variabilité au sein de plans de croisement factoriels, nous avons identifié des polymorphismes associés à la variation des caractères. Ces travaux posent les bases de la sélection assistée par marqueurs chez l’eucalyptus.Lignins represent 25% of plant biomass on earth. Lignins quantity and quality vary within natural populations and have become major targets for genetic improvement of eucalyptus. Identifying genetic polymorphisms involved in the variation of these traits could provide molecular tools for early selection of plus trees and contribute to increase genetic gains expected by time units. In this thesis work, we described the nucleotide diversity of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis and the genetic part of the variation of lignins quantity and quality in three eucalyptus species. Integrating these two levels of variation in a factorial matting design, we identified Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms statistically associated to the variation of lignin quality. This work paves the way to marker assisted selection in eucalyptus

Variabilité fonctionnelle de gènes candidats de la lignification chez l’eucalyptus

Diplôme : Dr. d'UniversitéLignins represent 25% of plant biomass on earth. Lignins quantity and quality vary within natural populations and have become major targets for genetic improvement of eucalyptus. Identifying genetic polymorphisms involved in the variation of these traits could provide molecular tools for early selection of plus trees and contribute to increase genetic gains expected by time units. In this thesis work, we described the nucleotide diversity of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis and the genetic part of the variation of lignins quantity and quality in three eucalyptus species. Integrating these two levels of variation in a factorial matting design, we identified Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms statistically associated to the variation of lignin quality. This work paves the way to marker assisted selection in eucalyptus.La lignine représente 25% de la biomasse des végétaux terrestre. Sa quantité et sa qualité sont variables au sein des populations naturelles et sont devenues des cibles de l’amélioration génétique des eucalyptus. L’identification des polymorphismes génétiques impliqués dans la variation de ces caractères permettrait de disposer d’outils de diagnostic moléculaire pour une sélection précoce des meilleurs géniteurs et ainsi contribuer à l’augmentation des gains génétiques par unité de temps. Dans ce travail de thèse nous avons décrit la variabilité nucléotidique de gènes impliqués dans la biosynthèse des lignines, ainsi que la part de la variation génétique de ces deux caractères chez trois espèces d’Eucalyptus. En intégrant ces deux niveaux de variabilité au sein de plans de croisement factoriels, nous avons identifié des polymorphismes associés à la variation des caractères. Ces travaux posent les bases de la sélection assistée par marqueurs chez l’eucalyptus

Variabilité fonctionnelle de gènes candidats de la lignification chez l’eucalyptus

La lignine représente 25% de la biomasse des végétaux terrestre. Sa quantité et sa qualité sont variables au sein des populations naturelles et sont devenues des cibles de l’amélioration génétique des eucalyptus. L’identification des polymorphismes génétiques impliqués dans la variation de ces caractères permettrait de disposer d’outils de diagnostic moléculaire pour une sélection précoce des meilleurs géniteurs et ainsi contribuer à l’augmentation des gains génétiques par unité de temps. Dans ce travail de thèse nous avons décrit la variabilité nucléotidique de gènes impliqués dans la biosynthèse des lignines, ainsi que la part de la variation génétique de ces deux caractères chez trois espèces d’Eucalyptus. En intégrant ces deux niveaux de variabilité au sein de plans de croisement factoriels, nous avons identifié des polymorphismes associés à la variation des caractères. Ces travaux posent les bases de la sélection assistée par marqueurs chez l’eucalyptus.Lignins represent 25% of plant biomass on earth. Lignins quantity and quality vary within natural populations and have become major targets for genetic improvement of eucalyptus. Identifying genetic polymorphisms involved in the variation of these traits could provide molecular tools for early selection of plus trees and contribute to increase genetic gains expected by time units. In this thesis work, we described the nucleotide diversity of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis and the genetic part of the variation of lignins quantity and quality in three eucalyptus species. Integrating these two levels of variation in a factorial matting design, we identified Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms statistically associated to the variation of lignin quality. This work paves the way to marker assisted selection in eucalyptus

Nucleotide diversity in lignification genes and QTNs for lignin quality in a multi-parental population of Eucalyptus urophylla

International audienceLignin is a major chemical compound of wood and one of the most abundant organic biopolymers on earth. It accumulates in the secondary cell wall of xylem cells and is a major target for tree breeders because of its foreseen role in the emerging bioeconomy. In this study, we paved the way toward an accelerated domestication of a widely grown tree species, Eucalyptus urophylla, by molecular breeding. To this end, we first described the pattern of nucleotide variation occurring at seven structural and regulatory genes of the lignin biosynthesis pathway and found high levels of average nucleotide and haplotype diversity per gene (pi = 0.0065 and Hd = 0.853). Then, taking advantage of a pre-existing factorial mating design, a candidate-gene-based quantitative trait locus (QTL) detection strategy was used to compare the variation of lignin quality (syringyl by guaiacyl ratio (S/G)) with the nucleotidic variability in these seven genes in 304 genotypes belonging to 33 connected full-sib families. Two genes, encoding cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) and a Rho-like GTPase (ROP1), were shown to be linked to the variation of S/G through different single and multi-locus single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)- and haplotype-based association methods. Providing that relevant candidate genes are selected and their patterns of nucleotide diversity is accurately described, we showed that quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) can be detected taking advantage of pre-existing field experiments and trait measurements gathered in the framework of a forest tree breeding program

A candidate gene for lignin composition in Eucalyptus: cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR)

International audienceLignin content and composition are considered as mandatory traits of eucalyptus breeding programs, especially for pulp, paper, and bioenergy production. In this article, we used 33 Eucalyptus urophylla full-sib families of an 8 × 8 factorial design to provide estimates of genetic parameters for lignin- and growth-related traits. Secondly, from the sequencing of the 16 unrelated founders, we described the nucleotide and haplotype variability of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), a candidate gene for lignin-related traits encoding the cinnamoyl-CoA reductase. Finally, we tested the association between CCR polymorphisms and trait variation using a mixed linear model. A high value of narrow sense heritability was obtained for lignin content (h² = 0.85) and S/G ratio (h² = 0.62) indicating that these traits are under strong genetic control. High levels of nucleotide (θπ = 0.0131) and haplotype (Hd = 0.958) diversity were detected for CCR. From an initial set of 152 biallelic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), a subset of 65 nonredundant loci was selected. Three intronic SNPs were found to be associated to the variation of S/G ratio after multiple testing correction. In the line of what has been obtained in forest trees, these SNPs explained between 2.45% and 2.87% of the genetic variance of the trait. This study demonstrates the interest of the candidate gene approach for quantitative trait nucleotide detection in Eucalyptus and paves the way to gene assisted selection of lignin composition in E. urophylla

High-resolution genetic maps of Eucalyptus improve Eucalyptus grandis genome assembly.

Genetic maps are key tools in genetic research as they constitute the framework for many applications, such as quantitative trait locus analysis, and support the assembly of genome sequences. The resequencing of the two parents of a cross between Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus grandis was used to design a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array of 6000 markers evenly distributed along the E. grandis genome. The genotyping of 1025 offspring enabled the construction of two high-resolution genetic maps containing 1832 and 1773 markers with an average marker interval of 0.45 and 0.5 cM for E. grandis and E. urophylla, respectively. The comparison between genetic maps and the reference genome highlighted 85% of collinear regions. A total of 43 noncollinear regions and 13 nonsynthetic regions were detected and corrected in the new genome assembly. This improved version contains 4943 scaffolds totalling 691.3 Mb of which 88.6% were captured by the 11 chromosomes. The mapping data were also used to investigate the effect of population size and number of markers on linkage mapping accuracy. This study provides the most reliable linkage maps for Eucalyptus and version 2.0 of the E. grandis genome

Genome-wide distribution of genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium in a mass-selected population of maritime pine

Background: The accessibility of high-throughput genotyping technologies has contributed greatly to the development of genomic resources in non-model organisms. High-density genotyping arrays have only recently been developed for some economically important species such as conifers. The potential for using genomic technologies in association mapping and breeding depends largely on the genome wide patterns of diversity and linkage disequilibrium in current breeding populations. This study aims to deepen our knowledge regarding these issues in maritime pine, the first species used for reforestation in south western Europe. Results: Using a new map merging algorithm, we first established a 1,712 cM composite linkage map (comprising 1,838 SNP markers in 12 linkage groups) by bringing together three already available genetic maps. Using rigorous statistical testing based on kernel density estimation and resampling we identified cold and hot spots of recombination. In parallel, 186 unrelated trees of a mass-selected population were genotyped using a 12k-SNP array. A total of 2,600 informative SNPs allowed to describe historical recombination, genetic diversity and genetic structure of this recently domesticated breeding pool that forms the basis of much of the current and future breeding of this species. We observe very low levels of population genetic structure and find no evidence that artificial selection has caused a reduction in genetic diversity. By combining these two pieces of information, we provided the map position of 1,671 SNPs corresponding to 1,192 different loci. This made it possible to analyze the spatial pattern of genetic diversity (H-e) and long distance linkage disequilibrium (LD) along the chromosomes. We found no particular pattern in the empirical variogram of H-e across the 12 linkage groups and, as expected for an outcrossing species with large effective population size, we observed an almost complete lack of long distance LD. Conclusions: These results are a stepping stone for the development of strategies for studies in population genomics, association mapping and genomic prediction in this economical and ecologically important forest tree species