26 research outputs found
Flavour symmetry breaking and meson masses
The axial-vector Ward-Takahashi identity is used to derive mass formulae for
neutral pseudoscalar mesons. Flavour symmetry breaking entails non-ideal
flavour content for these states. Adding that the \eta^\prime is not a
Goldstone mode, exact chiral-limit relations are developed from the identity.
They connect the dressed-quark propagator to the topological susceptibility. It
is confirmed that in the chiral limit the \eta^\prime mass is proportional to
the matrix element which connects this state to the vacuum via the topological
susceptibility. The implications of the mass formulae are illustrated using an
elementary dynamical model, which includes an Ansatz for that part of the
Bethe-Salpeter kernel related to the non-Abelian anomaly. In addition to the
current-quark masses, the model involves two parameters, one of which is a
mass-scale. It is employed in an analysis of pseudoscalar- and vector-meson
bound-states. While the effects of SU(N_f=2) and SU(N_f=3) flavour symmetry
breaking are emphasised, the five-flavour spectra are described. Despite its
simplicity, the model is elucidative and phenomenologically efficacious; e.g.,
it predicts \eta-\eta^\prime mixing angles of ~ (-15 degrees) and \pi^0-\eta
angles of ~ 1 degree.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figure
Dynamical chiral symmetry breaking and a critical mass
On a bounded, measurable domain of non-negative current-quark mass, realistic
models of QCD's gap equation can simultaneously admit two inequivalent
dynamical chiral symmetry breaking (DCSB) solutions and a solution that is
unambiguously connected with the realisation of chiral symmetry in the Wigner
mode. The Wigner solution and one of the DCSB solutions are destabilised by a
current-quark mass and both disappear when that mass exceeds a critical value.
This critical value also bounds the domain on which the surviving DCSB solution
possesses a chiral expansion. This value can therefore be viewed as an upper
bound on the domain within which a perturbative expansion in the current-quark
mass around the chiral limit is uniformly valid for physical quantities. For a
pseudoscalar meson constituted of equal mass current-quarks, it corresponds to
a mass m_{0^-}~0.45GeV. In our discussion we employ properties of the two DCSB
solutions of the gap equation that enable a valid definition of in
the presence of a nonzero current-mass. The behaviour of this condensate
indicates that the essentially dynamical component of chiral symmetry breaking
decreases with increasing current-quark mass.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures. Minor wording change
Radiation Therapy for Esophageal Cancer
Esophageal cancer develops in the mucosa of the esophagus and spreads toward the muscle layer. The nonsurgical treatment for localized, deeply invasive esophageal cancer has been external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and concurrent chemotherapy. Recently, intraluminal brachytherapy showed a strong potential for the improvement of the therapeutic ratio. It was found that the fractionated high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy offered beneficial palliation for a longer period of time with more durable symptom control. A similar was concluded for advanced unresectable esophageal cancer in previously irradiated patients. HDR brachytherapy may be a useful salvage treatment option for inoperable patients diagnosed with local esophageal cancer. Although better local control can be achieved with higher brachytherapy dose, this increases the risk of acute morbidity and late morbidity, especially in the setting of recurrence cancer. It was found that the moderate dose of EBRT and HDR brachytherapy could give a better local response than EBRT alone
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Angular dose dependency of MatriXX TM and its calibration
One of the applications of MatriXX (IBA Dosimetry) is experimental verification of dose for IMRT, VMAT, and tomotherapy. For cumulative plan verification, dose is delivered for all the treatment gantry angles to a stationary detector. Experimental calibration of MatriXX detector recommended by the manufacturer involves only AP calibration fields and does not address angular dependency of MatriXX. Angular dependency may introduce dose bias in cumulative plan verification if not corrected. For this reason, we characterized angular dependency of MatriXX and developed a method for its calibration. We found relatively large discrepancies in responses to posterior vs. anterior fields for four MatriXX (Evolution series) detectors (up to 11%), and relatively large variability of responses as a function of gantry angle in the gantry angle ranges of 91°–110° and 269°–260°. With our calibration method, the bias due to angular dependency is effectively removed in experimental verification of IMRT and VMAT plans. PACS number: 87.56F