Scavenging activity of GPE, GSE, and (+)-catechin against •OH generated by a Fenton reaction.

<p>Each value represents the mean with standard deviation (n = 3). Significant differences (<i>p</i><0.05) in each group are denoted by different alphabetical letters.</p

Effect of photo-irradiation time on DMPO-OH yields.

<p>Each value represents the mean with standard deviation (n = 3).</p

Concentration effect of GPE, GSE, and (+)-catechin on •OH (expressed as DMO-OH) generation during LED-light irradiation for 1 min.

<p>Each value represents the mean with standard deviation (n = 3). Significant differences (<i>p</i><0.05) in each group are denoted by different alphabetical letters.</p

Effect of prior-irradiation time in the absence of DMPO on DMPO-OH yielded after additional LED-light irradiation for 1 min in the presence of DMPO.

<p>Each value represents the mean with standard deviation (n = 3).</p

Summary table of two-way ANOVA for the post-irradiation time effect on DMO-OH.

<p>Summary table of two-way ANOVA for the post-irradiation time effect on DMO-OH.</p

Effect of photo-irradiation time on the yield of •OH (expressed as DMPO-OH) in MeOH soluble and insoluble fractions.

<p>Each value represents the mean with standard deviation (n = 3). Significant differences (p<0.05) are denoted by different alphabetical letters. LED(-): Kept under a light shielding condition.</p

Effect of photo-irradiation time on the yield of H₂O₂ in MeOH soluble and insoluble fractions.

<p>Each value represents the mean with standard deviation (n = 3). Significant differences (<i>p</i><0.05) are denoted by different alphabetical letters. ND: not detected.</p

Bactericidal activity of photo-irradiated GPE, GSE, and (+)-catechin on <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>.

<p>LED light was irradiated for 10 min. Each value represents the mean with standard deviation (n = 3). Significant differences (<i>p</i><0.05) in each group are denoted by different alphabetical letters.</p

LC-ESI-MS analyses of standard reagents (A) and representative LC chromatogram with estimated chemical structural formulas obtained from MeOH soluble fraction of GPE (B).

<p>LC-ESI-MS analyses of standard reagents (A) and representative LC chromatogram with estimated chemical structural formulas obtained from MeOH soluble fraction of GPE (B).</p

Effect of different treatment conditions on DMPO-OH yields.

<p>Each value represents the mean with standard deviation (n = 3). [D(+)L(+)][D(+)L(-)]: sample with DMPO was photo-irradiated for 1 min, and kept under a light shielding condition for 1 min, [D(+)L(+)][D(+)L(+)]: sample with DMPO was photo-irradiated for 2 min, and [D(-)L(+)][D(+)L(+)]: sample without DMPO was photo-irradiated for 1 min, and further irradiated with DMPO for 1 min.</p