Regional burden of chronic kidney disease in North Africa and Middle East during 1990–2019 : results from Global Burden of Disease study 2019

ObjectivesUpdating burden data of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases is essential for proper provision of healthcare by policymakers. We aimed to estimate the burden of CKD and its attributed burden in North Africa and Middle East region (NAME) during 1990-2019. MethodsThe CKD-related Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 estimates were extracted from Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) website. ResultsIn 2019, 2,034,879 new CKD cases (95% Uncertainty interval 1,875,830 to 2,202,724) with an age-standardized incidence rate of 447.5 (415.1 to 482.8) per 100,000 was reported, showing a 70.9% increase in the past 30 years. CKD led to 111,812 deaths (96,421 to 130,853) with an age-standardized rate of 30.4 (26.3 to 35.4) per 100,000. The highest increase and decrease in the mortality rate were estimated in Morocco 21.8% (-8.9 to 51.6) and Kuwait -41.5% (-51.2 to -29.1). In 2019, CKD was responsible for 744.4 (646.1 to 851.8) age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), mostly contributed to "other and unspecified causes" [237.2 (191.1 to 288.4)], type 2 diabetes [205.9 (162.4 to 253.6)], and hypertension [203.3 (165.8 to 243)]. An increase was noted in DALYs from ages 25-29 and surged with an accelerating pattern by age. Kidney dysfunction, high systolic blood pressure, and high body mass index ranked as the top three risk factors for the disorder. ConclusionsOur study raised an alarm regarding the increasing CKD burden in NAME. There is an urgency to deal with hypertension and overweight/obesity at the primary care level, implementing CKD screening for at-risk groups, and facilitating the accessibility to appropriate treatments

Tobacco consumption patterns among Iranian adults: a national and sub-national update from the STEPS survey 2021

Abstract Smoking is recognised as a critical public health priority due to its enormous health and economic consequences. Constant monitoring of the effectiveness of tobacco control programs calls for timely population-based data. This study reports the national and sub-national patterns in tobacco consumption among Iranian adults based on the results from the STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance (STEPS) survey 2021. This study was performed through an analysis of the results of the STEPS survey 2021 which had been conducted as a nationally representative cross-sectional study. Participants included Iranian adults aged ≥ 18 years in all provinces of Iran, who were selected via multistage cluster sampling method. Data were analyzed via survey analysis while considering population weights. The total number of participants was 27,874, including 15,395 (55.23%) women and 12,479 (44.77%) men. The all-ages prevalence of current tobacco smoking was 14.01% overall, 4.44% among women, and 25.88% among men. The all-ages prevalence of current cigarette smoking was 9.33% overall, 0.77% among women, and 19.95% among men. The all-ages prevalence of current hookah smoking was 4.5% overall, 3.64% among women, and 5.56% among men. The mean (SD) number of cigarettes smoked per day was 12.41 (10.27) overall, 7.65 (8.09) among women, and 12.64 (10.31) among men. The mean (SD) monthly times of hookah use was 0.42 (7.87) overall, 2.86 (23.46) among women, and 0.3 (6.2) among men. The national all-ages prevalence of second-hand smoking at home was 24.64% overall, 27.38% among women, and 20.26% among men. The national all-ages prevalence of second-hand smoking at work was 19.49% overall, 17.33% among women, and 22.94% among men. The tobacco consumption in Iran remains alarmingly high, indicating the current tobacco control policy implementation level is ineffective and insufficient. This calls for adopting, implementing, and enforcing comprehensive packages of evidence-based tobacco control policies

Additional file 8 of Global and regional quality of care index for prostate cancer: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study 1990–2019

Additional file 8: Supplementary Table S5. Countries with lowest QCI changes

Additional file 3 of Global and regional quality of care index for prostate cancer: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study 1990–2019

Additional file 3: Supplementary Figure S3. QCIs for the seven GBD super-regions in 1990 and 2019

Additional file 4 of Global and regional quality of care index for prostate cancer: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study 1990–2019

Additional file 4: Supplementary Table S1. SDI values for different regions

Additional file 6 of Global and regional quality of care index for prostate cancer: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study 1990–2019

Additional file 6: Supplementary Table S3. QCIs of all countries from 1990 to 2019

Additional file 5 of Global and regional quality of care index for prostate cancer: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study 1990–2019

Additional file 5: Supplementary Table S2. Global and SDI-based regional epidemiologic indices of prostate cancer

Additional file 7 of Global and regional quality of care index for prostate cancer: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study 1990–2019

Additional file 7: Supplementary Table S4. Countries with highest QCI changes

Additional file 2 of Global and regional quality of care index for prostate cancer: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study 1990–2019

Additional file 2: Supplementary Figure S2. Age-standardized QCI by socio-demographic index

Additional file 1 of Global and regional quality of care index for prostate cancer: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study 1990–2019

Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure S1. Ranking of age-standardized QCI by country in 2019