Combining Ascochyta blight and Botrytis grey mould resistance in chickpea through interspecific hybridization

Ascochyta blight (AB) caused by Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr. and Botrytis grey mould (BGM) caused by Botrytis cinerea (Pers. ex Fr.) are important diseases of the aerial plant parts of chickpea in most chickpea growing areas of the world. Although conventional approaches have contributed to reducing disease, the use of new technologies is expected to further reduce losses through these biotic stresses. Reliable screening techniques were developed: ‘field screening technique’ for adult plant screening, ‘cloth chamber technique’ and ‘growth chamber technique’ for the study of races of the pathogen and for segregating generations. Furthermore, the ‘cut twig technique’ for interspecific population for AB and BGM resistance was developed. For introgression of high levels of AB and BGM resistance in cultivated chickpea from wild relatives, accessions of seven annual wild Cicer spp. were evaluated and identified: C. judaicum accessions 185, ILWC 95 and ILWC 61, C. pinnatifidum accessions 188, 199 and ILWC 212 as potential donors. C. pinnatifidum accession188 was crossed with ICCV 96030 and 62 F9 lines resistant to AB and BGM were derived. Of the derived lines, several are being evaluated for agronomic traits and yield parameters while four lines, GL 29029, GL29206, GL29212, GL29081 possessing high degree of resistance were crossed with susceptible high yielding cultivars BG 256 to improve resistance and to undertake molecular studies. Genotyping of F2 populations with SSR markers from the chickpea genome was done to identify markers potentially linked with AB and BGM resistance genes. In preliminary studies, of 120 SSR markers used, six (Ta 2, Ta 110, Ta 139, CaSTMS 7, CaSTMS 24 and Tr 29) were identified with polymorphic bands between resistant derivative lines and the susceptible parent. The study shows that wild species of Cicer are the valuable gene pools of resistance to AB and BGM. The resistant derivative lines generated here can serve as good pre-breeding material and markers identified can assist in marker assisted selection for resistance breeding

Combining Ascochyta blight and Botrytis grey mould resistance in chickpea through interspecific hybridization

Ascochyta blight (AB) caused by Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr. and Botrytis grey mould (BGM) caused by Botrytis cinerea (Pers. ex Fr.) are important diseases of the aerial plant parts of chickpea in most chickpea growing areas of the world. Although conventional approaches have contributed to reducing disease, the use of new technologies is expected to further reduce losses through these biotic stresses. Reliable screening techniques were developed: ‘field screening technique’ for adult plant screening, ‘cloth chamber technique’ and ‘growth chamber technique’ for the study of races of the pathogen and for segregating generations. Furthermore, the ‘cut twig technique’ for interspecific population for AB and BGM resistance was developed. For introgression of high levels of AB and BGM resistance in cultivated chickpea from wild relatives, accessions of seven annual wild Cicer spp. were evaluated and identified: C. judaicum accessions 185, ILWC 95 and ILWC 61, C. pinnatifidum accessions 188, 199 and ILWC 212 as potential donors. C. pinnatifidum accession188 was crossed with ICCV 96030 and 62 F9 lines resistant to AB and BGM were derived. Of the derived lines, several are being evaluated for agronomic traits and yield parameters while four lines, GL 29029, GL29206, GL29212, GL29081 possessing high degree of resistance were crossed with susceptible high yielding cultivars BG 256 to improve resistance and to undertake molecular studies. Genotyping of F2 populations with SSR markers from the chickpea genome was done to identify markers potentially linked with AB and BGM resistance genes. In preliminary studies, of 120 SSR markers used, six (Ta 2, Ta 110, Ta 139, CaSTMS 7, CaSTMS 24 and Tr 29) were identified with polymorphic bands between resistant derivative lines and the susceptible parent. The study shows that wild species of Cicer are the valuable gene pools of resistance to AB and BGM. The resistant derivative lines generated here can serve as good pre-breeding material and markers identified can assist in marker assisted selection for resistance breeding

A numerical approximation of 2D coupled burgers’ equation using modified cubic trigonometric B-spline differential quadrature method

In the present paper, trigonometric B-spline DQM is applied to get the approximated solution of coupled 2D non-linear Burgers’ equation. This technique, named modified cubic trigonometric B-spline DQM, has been used to obtain accurate and effective numerical approximations of the above-mentioned partial differential equation. For checking the compatibility of results, different types of test examples are discussed. A comparison is done between 2L and L∞ error norms with the previous, present results and with the exact solution. The resultant set of ODEs has been solved by employing the SSP RK 43 method. It is observed that the obtained results are improved compared to the previous numerical results in the literature

A Novel Technique for Numerical Approximation of 2 Dimensional Non-Linear Coupled Burgers’ Equations using Uniform Algebraic Hyperbolic (UAH) Tension B-Spline based Differential Quadrature Method

AUniformAlgebraicHyperbolic(UAH)tensionB-splineoffourthorderbasedDifferentialquadraturemethodisdeveloped to tackle the non-linear coupled 2D Burgers’ equation, to fetch the weighting coefficients, used in differential quadrature method, UAH tension B-spline is used as the basis function. UAH tension B-spline based DQM is implemented in the case of spatial discretization and in time discretization, SSP-RK 43 scheme has been implemented. By employing the developed technique upon the coupled 2D non-linear Burgers’ equation, system of ODE got obtained, it is solved using SSP-RK43 scheme. In the present paper five numerical examples are tested to check the accuracy and efficiency of the developed scheme. A comparison is given in the form of L2 and L∞ error norms with the existing numerical schemes. Accuracy and effectiveness of developed scheme is shown in the form of tables and figures, as well. Stability of the present scheme is also tested by employing the matrix stability analysis method, which triggered the point that the developed scheme is unconditionally stable

A comparative study of Sumudu HPM and Elzaki HPM for coupled Burgers’ equation

The two hybrid algorithms Sumudu HPM and Elzaki HPM are used in the current study to tackle coupled Burgers' equations and produce accurate results. To demonstrate the validity of the given approaches, three instances are used. Applying Sumudu HPM and Elzaki HPM yields the same approximate and exact answers in all of the examples taken into consideration, which is proved with the help of the accompanying figures. It attests to the entire acceptance and accuracy of the solutions produced by these methods. The proposed regimes also have error and convergence analyses available. The current analytical regimes offer a more effective method of handling partial differential equations than the intricate numerical systems. It is also asserted that exact and approximation solutions are compatible. Also announced is the planned regime's numerical convergence

Physicochemical characterization of anionic lipid-based ternary siRNA complexes

AbstractPhysicochemical characterization is a useful tool in understanding lipoplex assemblies and their correlation to biological activity. Anionic lipid-based ternary siRNA complexes composed of anionic liposomes (DOPG/DOPE), calcium ions and siRNA, have recently been shown to be safe and efficient in a breast cancer cell culture model. In the present work, the effects of various formulation parameters such as liposome composition (DOPG/DOPE ratio) and anionic lipid/Ca2+/siRNA molar charge ratio, on the physicochemical attributes (particle size, surface charge, siRNA loading efficiency and serum stability) of these ternary anionic lipoplexes were evaluated. Particle size, siRNA loading efficiency and serum stability correlated with the in vitro silencing efficiency of these lipoplexes. For example, large lipoplex particles (5/2.5/1 anionic lipid/Ca2+/siRNA molar charge ratio) showed less efficient silencing while absolute serum stability and high siRNA loading (1.3/2.5/1 anionic lipid/Ca2+/siRNA molar charge ratio), exhibited maximum silencing in breast cancer cells. The physicochemical properties also indicated that the siRNA exists in the complexed and/or encapsulated form within the lipoplexes, depending on the anionic lipid/siRNA charge ratio. Based on these studies a model representing lipid–siRNA association within the anionic lipoplexes prepared under various formulation conditions is proposed. Physicochemical attributes can be utilized to estimate in vitro activity of lipid–siRNA complexes and understand their morphology

Predictors of Mortality in Out Born Neonates with Acute Renal Failure; an Experience of a Single Center

Objective: To evaluate the incidence, etiology, outcome, and predictors of mortality in neonates with Acute Renal Failure (ARF) in an out born Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of India. Methods: A retrospective analysis of case records of out born neonates, who had ARF at admission or developed ARF during NICU stay, from January to December 2011 (one year) was done. Findings: Out of the total 456 neonates admitted during the study period, 44 (9.6%) neonates with ARF (32 males, 12 females) were studied. Their mean gestational age, weight, and age at admission was 34.7±3.9 weeks, 2100±630 grams, and 2.1±6.3 respectively. Causes of ARF were pre-renal in 22 (50%), intrinsic renal failure in 16 (36.3%), and post-renal in six (13.6 %). Oliguria was present in 29 neonates. Neonatal sepsis was the commonest cause of ARF, followed by perinatal asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome, and genitourinary anomalies. ARF was present at admission in 37 neonates. The mortality rate was 15.9% (7/44). Thirty-seven (84%) were discharged with complete recovery of renal functions and followed for six months. Shock, oliguria, need for mechanical ventilation, and presence of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) emerged as predictors of mortality in neonates with ARF. Conclusion: The incidence and mortality rate of neonatal ARF were 9.6% and 15.9% respectively in our out born NICU. Neonatal sepsis was the commonest cause of ARF followed by perinatal asphyxia. Shock, oliguria, need for mechanical ventilation, and presence of DIC were associated with poor outcome