Replication Data for: Behavioral response of naïve and non-naïve deer to wolf urine

This dataset contains all data used for the paper. The videos underlying these data are available upon request from the authors

Replication Data for: Wolves and tree logs: Landscape-scale and fine-scale risk factors interactively influence tree regeneration

This dataset contains all data used for the paper Van Ginkel et al, 2018, Ecosystems, and is organised in three zipped folders. The metadata file describes all abbreviations used in the data files: Van-Ginkel-etal_2018_Ecosystems_RAW_Data Van-Ginkel-etal_2018_Ecosystems_PROCESSED_Data Van-Ginkel-etal_2018_Ecosystems_txt-files_R-scripts Van-Ginkel-etal_2018_Ecosystems_Metadata.txt If you have questions regarding this dataset or are interested in using our data, please contact one of the authors indicated

Data from: Small herbivores slow down species loss up to 22 years but only at early successional stage

The long-term influence of persistent small herbivores on successional plant community configuration is rarely studied. We used an herbivore exclusion experiment along the successional gradient in a salt-marsh system, to investigate the effects of hares and geese, and hares alone, on plant diversity at five successional stages (the earliest, two early, the intermediate and the late successional stages) in the short and long term, i.e. 7 and 22 years, respectively. Plant diversity declined over time at all successional stages except for the earliest one. Small herbivores slowed down species decline, but only at one early successional stage. Small herbivores slowed down species decline via decreasing dominance of preferred grass Festuca rubra in the short term, and less preferred Elytrigia atherica in the long term. The effects of hares and geese were more pronounced than hares alone, indicating an important additive role of geese, especially in the long term. Synthesis. Small herbivores can have a strong and long-lasting impact on plant diversity, but it highly depends on the abundance of small herbivores, which in turn depends on the quality and abundance of forage plants. A diverse herbivore community may have more positive effects on regulating plant communities.,Data for small herbivores slow down species loss up to 22 years but only at early successional stageThis excel file contains 1) abundance data of plant species in 1995, 1997, 2001 and 2016; 2) dropping data in 2001 and 2016; 3) clay thickness, elevation and vegetation height in 2016.Data for small herbivores slow down species loss_QC.xlsx

Data from: North-south differentiation and a region of high diversity in European wolves (Canis lupus)

European wolves (Canis lupus) show population genetic structure in the absence of geographic barriers, and across relatively short distances for this highly mobile species. Additional information on the location of and divergence between population clusters is required, particularly because wolves are currently recolonizing parts of Europe. We evaluated genetic structure in 177 wolves from 11 countries using over 67K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci. The results supported previous findings of an isolated Italian population with lower genetic diversity than that observed across other areas of Europe. Wolves from the remaining countries were primarily structured in a north-south axis, with Croatia, Bulgaria, and Greece (Dinaric-Balkan) differentiated from northcentral wolves that included individuals from Finland, Latvia, Belarus, Poland and Russia. Carpathian Mountain wolves in central Europe had genotypes intermediate between those identified in northcentral Europe and the Dinaric-Balkan cluster. Overall, individual genotypes from northcentral Europe suggested high levels of admixture. We observed high diversity within Belarus, with wolves from western and northern Belarus representing the two most differentiated groups within northcentral Europe. Our results support the presence of at least three major clusters (Italy, Carpathians, Dinaric-Balkan) in southern and central Europe. Individuals from Croatia also appeared differentiated from wolves in Greece and Bulgaria. Expansion from glacial refugia, adaptation to local environments, and human-related factors such as landscape fragmentation and frequent killing of wolves in some areas may have contributed to the observed patterns. Our findings can help inform conservation management of these apex predators and the ecosystems of which they are part

Next-generation phylogeography resolves post-glacial colonization patterns in a widespread carnivore, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), in Europe

Carnivores tend to exhibit a lack of (or less pronounced) genetic structure at continental scales in both a geographic and temporal sense using various mitochondrial DNA markers on modern and/or ancient specimens. This tends to confound the identification of refugial areas and post-glacial colonization patterns in this group. In this study we used Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) to reconstruct the phylogeographic history of a widespread carnivore, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), in Europe by investigating broad-scale patterns of genomic variation, differentiation and admixture amongst contemporary populations. Using 15,003 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 524 individuals allowed us to identify the importance of refugial regions for the red fox in terms of endemism (e.g. Iberia) and sources of post-glacial re-expansion (e.g. Carpathians and Balkans) across northern regions of the continent. In addition, we tested multiple post-glacial re-colonization scenarios of previously glaciated regions during the Last Glacial Maximum using an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) approach. We identified the role of ancient and temporary land-bridges in the colonization of Scandinavia and the British Isles, with a natural colonization of Ireland deemed more likely than an ancient human-mediated introduction as has previously been proposed. Using genome-wide data has allowed us to tease apart broad-scale patterns of structure and diversity in a widespread carnivore in Europe that was not always evident from using more limited marker sets