Experience of Cyberbullying among Nursing Students

Background: Personal hygiene includes cleanliness of the body and proper maintenance of personal appearance. This study aimed to identify the existing knowledge and practice of personal hygiene among lower secondary level school-going children in Morang, province one, in Eastern-Nepal. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive study was conducted in selected schools of Morang district, Eastern-Nepal comprising of 400 school children. Data was collected using a self-developed and validated structured questionnaire and observation checklist. Two schools from rural areas and two from urban areas were randomly selected and students from classes 6, 7 and 8 were also randomly selected for the study. Result: The majority of the students were in the age group 10-15 years (55% in urban areas and 50% in rural areas). Proper handwashing technique was reported by 59.5% of the students from the urban areas and 48.5% from rural areas. The majority of the students used toothpaste for brushing teeth in urban (79%) and rural areas (76%) respectively. For hand washing, 52% used soap in the urban areas whereas only 26% used soap in the rural area. Although knowledge and practice of personal hygiene were adequate, a significant gap was noted between them in the urban and rural areas (p<0.05). Conclusion: There was a significant gap between the knowledge and practice regarding the personal hygiene among the respondents both in the rural and in the urban areas. Adequate number of educational interventions has to be encompassed in the schools to increase the awareness among the students regarding this subject

Effect of Music Therapy on Intensity of Labor Pain among Primigravid Mothers admitted in a Tertiary Level Hospital

Background: Childbirth is a most welcomed and positive life experience for the majority of women, despite the pain. Most of them manage it well with minimal assistance while few of them require some intervention to reduce the pain. The objective of this study was to find out the effect of music therapy on intensity of labor pain among primigravid women. Methods: A quasi-experimental pre-test post-test non-equivalent control group design was used. Sample consisted of 42 primigravid women admitted in labor room of a teaching hospital in Kathmandu. The intensity of labor pain was measured using Visual Analogue Scale and Behavior Rating Scale in latent and active phase of labor in both experimental and control groups. Then 30 minutes of music therapy was provided to the experimental group in the latent and active phase of labor. The post-test was carried out in both groups after the music therapy to experimental group during the latent and active phase using the same instruments. The collected data was entered in Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to describe the findings. Findings: The mean difference of total pain between experimental and control groups during latent phase was 1.9 (t=2.31, p=0.023) in pre-test and 6.57 (t=3.91, p=0.000) in post-test. The mean difference of total pain between experimental and control groups during active phase was 1.00 (t=1.08, p=0.286) during pre-test and 6.95(t=3.744, p=0.001) during post-test. Conclusions: Music therapy tends to reduce labor pain both during the latent and active phase of labor

Drug Act 1978 of Nepal: A Critical Analysis

Background: With the enactment of the Drug Act in 1978, through the establishment of different bodies under the act, drug-related activities have been regulated and controlled in Nepal so as to provide safe and efficacious drugs of standard quality to the general public.  However, with the overgrowing use of drugs, cosmetics, biotechnological products, nutraceuticals, and veterinary products in the present market and the present act failing to include these aspects, this paper tries to critically analyze the Drug Act 1978 of Nepal which will comprise strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats faced in current scenario regarding the act. The regulation of drugs in Nepal was started with the enactment of the Drugs Act in 1978 AD, which is being carried out by the Department of Drug Administration as provisioned in the section 5 of the act. To facilitate the proper implementation of the act, various rules, regulations and guidelines are framed. The objective of this study was to explore the areas to improve in the Drugs Act and help foster the use of safe, efficacious and quality drugs. Method: The Drugs Act 1978 was critically analyzed focusing on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the act as of current scenario. Result: After critically analyzing the drugs act 1978 we found out that there is lack in regulations of use of cosmetics, newer biotechnology products, nutraceuticals, veterinary product, innovative pharmaceutical products as well as the online pharmacy services. Conclusion: A major amendment and periodic revision is required with the consequence of meeting timely needs and promoting the idea of safety and efficacy in drug related activities