Research on the influence of the proportion of nickel and silicon on the mechanical and electrical properties of CuNiSi alloys

The article presents research on the metallurgical synthesis of the CuNiSi alloy with a nickel content of 2,2 wt.% and silicon in the range of 0,8 – 1,3 wt.%. Each of the produced materials were subjected to the process of homogenization, solution heat treatment and artificial aging in order to improve the mechanical and electrical properties. Materials were directed to the chemical composition tests, Vickers hardness and electrical conductivity tests and also for microstructural tests with using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Identification of CAN BUS data transfer protocol in agricultural vehicles

W pracy przedstawiono wybrane problemy związane z identyfikacją protokołu CAN w pojazdach rolniczych oraz przedstawione wstępne wyniki badań. Zwrócono uwagę na różnorodność elementów elektronicznych, z których zbudowano magistrale CAN BUS, a które determinują fizyczną stronę transmisji. Rozpoznanie i zidentyfikowanie transmisji daje nowe możliwości, nie tylko w zakresie kontroli warunków pracy ciągnika rolniczego czy agregatu ale również w kwestii oceny poprawności warunków pracy czy procesu diagnostyki.The paper presents selected issues pertaining to identification of the CAN protocol in agricultural vehicles as well as initial test results. Particular attention was drawn to a variety of electronic components used to build CAN BUS systems and determining physical features of transmission. Recognition and identification of the transmission allows for new possibilities not only within the agricultural tractor or equipment operation condition control, but also for the evaluation of operating correctness or diagnostics process

Effective compression ratio of combustion engine as a way of increasing efficiency

The article describes the processes that take place in an engine. The main terms connected with the compression ratio are explained. Moreover, the relationship between the compression ratio and the engine efficiency is discussed. This paper is a repetition of issues connected with functioning of the engine. In this article, variables that influence the chart are described, along with some examples of the way to increase engine efficiency. This article focuses on selected methods of improving efficiency of internal combustion engines. In order to fully understand processes taking place in the combustion chamber, it is necessary to create theoretical charts of thermal cycles and, then, to compare them with actual charts obtained as a result of measurements. The structure of contemporary engines is influenced by various factors, for example preservation of natural environment or limited fuel resources. These factors are crucial for mechanical engineering and engine design. Therefore, energy consumption and environmental impact of engines are taken into consideration when researching new ways and methods of enhancing engine efficiency. One of the main aims of the researchers and engineers is to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in exhaust fumes. Improved engine efficiency, lowered fuel consumption and reduced emission of toxic substances are the main advantages of internal combustion engines characterized by variable compression ratio

Analiza wpływu konstrukcji zaworu EGR na parametry przepływu spalin w silniku

In this paper an analysis of the EGR valve design impact, in particular the outlet diameter, on the gas flow parameters in diesel engine (Z 1505) exhaust gas recirculation system of Zetor tractor was made. For this purpose the experimental and simulation studies of gas flow through the valve were carried out. The simulations using Fluent were made. Also distribution of the pressure and velocity vectors in the area of the valve outflow was presented. Analysis of the phenomena occurring in the exhaust area of the EGR valve was made. Also influence of the outlet diameter on the flow characteristics of the EGR valve was determined.W artykule dokonano analizy wpływu konstrukcji zaworu EGR, a w szczególności średnicy otworu wylotowego na parametry przepływu spalin w układzie recyrkulacji spalin silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym typu Z 1505 ciągnika rolniczego marki Zetor. W tym celu przeprowadzono badania eksperymentalne i symulacyjne przepływu gazów przez zawór. Badania symulacyjne zrealizowano użyciu programu Fluent oraz przedstawiono rozkład wektorów prędkości i ciśnienia w obszarze wypływu gazu z zaworu. Przeanalizowano zjawiska turbulencji zachodzące w obszarze wylotowym zaworu. Określono również wpływ średnicy wylotowej na charakterystykę przepływową zaworu EGR

CAN network in real time on board systems

The network system of data exchange between the various components is an inherent element of every car. Because of the specific and different requirements for data transfer between specific devices, currently used communication protocols have different properties of performance, security, and degree of determinism. The paper presents the increasing complexity of the data exchange system based on the example of the latest requirements for digital tachographs. The article describes also the data transmission initialization methods in the context of network data exchange organization. The hybrid use of time triggering and event triggering mechanisms has been presented in relation to the operation of the CAN network under increased real-time conditions requirements implemented as TTCAN (time triggered CAN)

The System for estimation parameters of internal combustion engine in the road test

Current internal combustion engine technology for road vehicles allows us to meet the existing and planned future standards for emission. However, the motion of a moving vehicle used in real operating conditions is frequent changes of the values of power in the powertrain. The analysis of the results of the road test through a measurement of parameters of engine in a passenger car proves, that the changes of parameters engine are frequent. The paper presents method measurement parameters form system of data transmission CAN BUS and estimation is performed using measurement accelerometer car's chassis of parameters internal combustion engine determined on road test. Estimation of main parameters of internal combustion engine is made with use of measured quantities such as: car mass and acceleration collected in function of vehicle linear velocity. The most essential problems in this approach, considered as primary method errors, are minimization of underestimation of moment of inertia of rotating elements in drivetrain and efficiency of drivetrain itself. Moreover it is vital to determine as precise as possible vehicle acceleration and its linear velocity in presence of disturbances - mainly chassis movements and additional accelerations, which comes from pavement unevenness (roughness). In this article application of several sensors of different quantities for increase of accuracy of PAAF 2 (Power Acceleration And Force) device in relation to prototype device predecessor is taken into consideration

LoRaWAN networks in automotive applications

Development of IoT is tightly coupled with the use of the wireless communication solutions. Nowadays there are several standard wireless protocols, which are responsible for carrying information. The increase of the communication traffic tends to specialize the kind of used data interchange methods for the sake of demanded size of data packet, frequency of connections, meaning of the data, security and safety of the transmission as well as many others. One of the intensively spreading wireless networks is LoRaWAN. Because of its low energy consumption, long distance range, and high flexibility, it seems to be very effective solution to apply in the field of road traffic. The article presented the base features of LoRaWAN as well as the conception of virtual local traffic system based on the data yield from the board systems of cars. Accessed from OBD information about f. e.g. temporary cars speed or accelerations associated with their current position can be significant factor in creating the real image of the traffic situation

Application of Ethernet protocol for communication in onboard diagnostic systems

System diagnostyczny jest źródłem informacji o stanie pojazdu w postaci symptomów diagnostycznych w formie danych pozyskiwanych wprost z sensorów, przetworzonych informacji diagnostycznych lub gotowych decyzji wpływających na funkcjonowanie diagnozowanego obiektu. Mając na względzie znaczenie tych informacji dla bezpiecznej i efektywnej eksploatacji pojazdu na obsługujące je systemy komunikacji nakłada się określone wymagania dotyczące wiarygodności i przepustowości informacyjnej. Klasycznym obecnie protokołem wymiany danych w zakresie diagnostyki OBD jest sieć CAN. Wzrastająca złożoność układów napędowych pod względem ich sterowania oraz ewolucji w stronę systemów hybrydowych czy wykorzystania alternatywnych źródeł zasilania wiąże się z potrzebą zwiększenia przepustowości sieci pokładowych obsługujących te obiekty od strony systemów diagnostycznych. Jednym z najbardziej realnych scenariuszy zastąpienia CAN w systemach diagnostyki pokładowej wydaje się być zastosowanie szeroko wykorzystywanego w wielu poza motoryzacyjnych obszarach protokołu Ethernet. Liczne doświadczenia z Ethernet 802.3 znajdują swe odbicie w podejmowanych przez środowiska inżynierskie działaniach w kierunku aplikacji tego protokołu w systemach OBD.Diagnostic system is a source of informations about the state of a vehicle. The diagnostic symptoms are in the form of raw sensor data, processed diagnostic informations or decisions inflicting object being diagnosed. Taking into account the meaning of this informations for safe and efficient use of a vehicle, the requirements for the reliability and information capacity are put on the systems that support them. A standard protocol for data exchange in the area of OBD diagnostics is CAN. Increasing complexity of drive systems control and their evolution towards hybrid systems or alternate power sources envolves the increase of the onboard network transfer rate (which supports this objects diagnostics). One of the most plausible scenarios is replacing the CAN in onboard diagnostics is the application of widely used in other areas Ethernet protocol. Numerous experiences (performed by various engineers) with Ethernet 802.3 founds its reflection in application of this protocol in OBD systems

Analysis of tractor driving force trajectory

Nowoczesne ciągniki rolnicze coraz częściej są wyposażane w urządzenia mechaniczne współpracujące z elektronicznymi sterowniki, które są połączone między sobą cyfrową siecią komunikacyjną. Wielofunkcyjność tych układów i dostępność sygnałów pozwoliła na wykorzystanie sygnałów sterujących pracą podzespołów ciągnika do innych celów, między innymi wykorzystuje się je do diagnostyki poszczególnych podzespołów, bieżącej analizy parametrów roboczych oraz ich archiwizacji, czy określenie zmienności tych parametrów w czasie przyszłym. To tego celu wykorzystuję się najnowsze osiągnięcia techniki w zakresie przesyłu danych np. GPS, Wireless, GSM. Analiza w ten sposób z archiwizowanych danych pozwala również na ocenę pracy operatora ciągnika w rzeczywistych warunkach pracy.More and more frequently modern tractors are equipped with mechanical devices cooperating with electronic controllers, which are connected to each other by a digital communication network. Multifunctionality of these systems and availability of signals allows to use signals controlling the work of tractor subassemblies for different purposes. Among other things they are used to diagnose individual subassemblies, or for current analysis and archiving of working parameters, or determination of variability of these parameters in future. The latest achievements of the data transmission technology including GPS, Wireless, and GMS are used for these purposes. Analysis of data recorded in this way also allows to evaluate tractor operator's work in real work conditions