Risk in Production

Most production activities undertaken involve a certain degree of risk. Agricultural production is particularly risky since it is susceptible to the physical vagaries of nature and all economic and social variations. For most countries, agriculture is an important and vital sector where production decisions are made under risk. Hence, decision making under risk requires careful analysis and represents an important area of study. The present research has been directed to advance our knowledge about the consequences of risk, and the behavior toward risk in the organization of production, particularly agricultural production. This objective is achieved by a review of risk theory, duality and the use of applied econometrics in order to develop some empirical production structures capable of assessing the impacts of risk, particularly increasing risk, on producer\u27s behavior. The concept of increasing risk as incorporated into production structures is then applied to a livestock example in Utah. A stochastic production function for ranch operations in Utah is estimated in order to derive information about the impacts of increasing risk on the output and input choices of ranchers. The results of the estimation and tests suggest that ranchers in Utah produce with inflexible production technology and are subject to significant production risk. Any policy affecting the use of inputs such as feed and pasture may exacerbate the risk condition which the ranchers face, since choices to employ alternative input combination to modify the condition of risk are limited

Importance of screening for urinary tract infection in African Black diabetics

Urinary tract infections are common and often latent in diabetic patients. The objective of this study was to determinethe frequency of urinary tract infections and the organisms responsible.This is a descriptive type prospective study conducted in the Endocrinology and Diabetology ward of Donka UniversityHospital. All diabetic patients hospitalised from January 3rd to April 4th 2013 were included in the study.Two hundred and sixty-two diabetics had been screened, 64 (24.42%) had a urinary tract infection 41 women (64%)and 23 men (36%). The average age was 56.48 16.3 years with a range of 20-90 years. Urinary tract infections weremore frequent between the ages of 45 and 74 (67.20%). Sixty patients were married, four were single. Fifty-six patientswere type 2 diabetes against eight type I diabetes. Urine test strips showed 60 cases of pyuria, 36 cases of nitruria, 21cases of proteinuria and three cases of hematuria. Organisms identified were: Escherichia coli in 31 cases (48.43%): 25women and six men; Klebsiella pneumoniae in 14 cases (21.87%): nine women and five men; Staphylococcus aureusin 11 cases (17.18%): six women and five men; and Proteus mirabilis in eight cases (12.51%): two women and six men.The clinical manifestations were: asymptomatic bacteriuria in 57 cases (89.06%); acute cystitis in five cases (7.81%); andacute urethritis in two cases (3.13%).Urinary infection in African diabetics is very common. It requires a systematic screening with urine test strips becauseasymptomatic types are by far the most common. This would allow early treatment and avoid serious complications

Recours a la Médecine Traditionnelle chez les Rhumatisants en Guinée

Aim: To determine the frequency and pattern of use of traditional medicine in rheumatic patients at Ignace Deen National Hospital in Conakry, Guinea. Patients and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study in the rheumatology department of HNID between January and March 2018 Results: Of the 108 patients interviewed, 40 had used traditional medicine (37.03%). There was a female predominance (21 women, 52.5%) with a sex ratio of 0.90. The mean age of the patients was 44.75 ± 17.24 years. Rheumatoid arthritis and knee osteoarthritis were the main rheumatic diseases observed with 41.86% and 16.27% respectively. The diagnostic delay was 6.54 ± 1.25 years. The nature of the treatment used was dominated by taking a decoction (57.50%) and the reason for using traditional treatment was to relieve pain (85%). The oral route was the main mode of use of traditional treatment (67.5%). More than half of the patients (52.50%) were not satisfied with the outcome of traditional treatment received and did not know the name of the treatment used in their vernacular language. In 47.50% of cases they thought that traditional treatment had adverse effects and had possible interactions with modern drug therapy. Conclusion: More than a third of rheumatology consulting patients use traditional medicine even though they believe it has side effects. This phenomenon leads to a delay in consultation with the rheumatologist, hence the need for better communication between the different actors.Objectif : Déterminer la fréquence et le profil de l’utilisation de la médecine traditionnelle chez les patients souffrant de rhumatisme à l'hôpital national Ignace Deen de Conakry (Guinée). Patients et méthodes : Etude transversale de type descriptif dans le service de rhumatologie de l'HNID entre janvier et mars 2018. Résultats : Sur 108 patients interrogés, 40 avaient eu recours à la médecine traditionnelle soit 37,03 %. On notait une prédominance féminine (21 femmes ; 52,5 %) avec un sexe ratio de 0,90 H/F. L’âge moyen des patients était de 44,75 ± 17,24 ans. La polyarthrite rhumatoïde et la gonarthrose étaient les principales affections rhumatologiques observées avec respectivement 41,86% et 16,27%. Le délai diagnostique était de 6,54 ±1,25 ans. La nature du traitement utilisé était dominée par la prise de décoction (57,50%) et le motif d’utilisation du traitement était de soulager la douleur (85%). La voie orale était le principal mode d’utilisation (67,5%). Plus de la moitié des patients (52,50%) n’étaient pas satisfaits du résultat du traitement traditionnel reçu et ne connaissaient pas le nom du traitement utilisé dans leur langue vernaculaire. Ils pensaient dans 47,50% des cas que le traitement traditionnel entrainait des effets indésirables et avait de possibles interactions avec le traitement médicamenteux moderne. Conclusion : Plus du tiers des patients consultant en rhumatologie ont recours à la médecine traditionnelle même s’ils croient qu’elle a des effets indésirables. Ce phénomène entraîne un retard à la consultation chez le rhumatologue, d’où la nécessité d’une meilleure communication entre les différents acteurs

The VAT in Republic of Guinea : an unachieved draw

Impôt général de consommation qui frappe la dépense ou la consommation, ainsi que l’introduction en Guinée de biens ou de services, la TVA est un impôt propice à une maximisation des recettes fiscales dont l’État a besoin pour financer son développement. Ses nombreux avantages et qualités, notamment sa productivité financière, sa neutralité économique, ses possibilités à moderniser un système fiscal, etc., qui ont motivé la Guinée à opter pour ce mode de taxation, en 1996, sont remis en cause. Le système de la TVA en Guinée gagnerait à être réexaminé. Des mécanismes plus rigoureux permettraient de mieux intégrer la TVA au système fiscal et de promouvoir un environnement économique et budgétaire favorable en République de Guinée : l’instauration du taux de la TVA réduit jusqu’à zéro à la place des exonérations, l’élimination de la limitation de droit à déduction, ou encore la définition de normes de reversement de la taxe pour certaines catégories de contribuables et la gestion efficace de la retenue à la source sont des démarches, parmi tant d’autres, à mettre en œuvre pour soulager les entreprises et améliorer le système de la TVA en GuinéeGeneral tax of consumption that applies on expense or consumption, as well as import of goods and services to Guinea, the VAT is a tax tool to maximize tax revenues needed by the State to finance its development. Its many advantages and quality, such as its financial productivity, economic neutrality, possibility of financial system modernization, etc. that motivated Guinea to opt for that tax mode, in 1996, are now contested. The Guinean VAT system will gain to be revisited. Rigorous mechanisms will allow the integration of the VAT in the tax system, and promote a better economic and budget environment in Republic of Guinea: The instauration of a VAT with a lowered rate to near zero, to replace exonerations; the suppression of limitation for tax deductions; or the definition of norms of tax return for some categories of taxpayers, and the efficient management tax collected at the source, are processes amount many others, to implement in order to give some relieve to businesses and improve the VAT system in Guine

The transformation of the anti-money laundering in terms of the banking profession and the personal freedoms

Depuis la fin des années 1990 à nos jours, le cadre normatif de la lutte contre le blanchiment d’argent n’a cessé d’évoluer. Cette évolution reste tangible tant au regard de l’accroissement des normes pénales, que de la multiplication des normes de policing au sein des banques.Ces dernières ont vu leur rôle évoluer considérablement. D’une part, parce que le blanchiment de capitaux est par essence une infraction dynamique qui induit une adaptation du cadre règlementaire aux évolutions de l’infraction.D’autre part, pour des considérations historiques, en raison de la place centrale qu’occupent les banques dans la circulation des capitaux. Mais aussi pour des considérations d’ordre opérationnel, pour leur capacité au regard de l’arsenal de gestion des risques dont ils disposent pour détecter les flux financiers d’origine illicite. C’est dans ce contexte que le rôle de « sentinelles de l’argent sale » leur a été conféré.Cependant, cette nouvelle configuration a redessiné fondamentalement les contours de la profession bancaire. En effet, les rapports entre banquiers et clients ont été affectés d’une part. D’autre part, ses obligations traditionnelles sont entrées en conflit avec les normes de conformités inhérentes à la LBC-FT.Ainsi le rôle du banquier, qui était traditionnellement cantonné à la fourniture de prestations financières, a glissé vers une fonction d’investigation, d’autorégulation. Ce glissement a généré des difficultés d’un point de vue opérationnel pour les banques. Elles ont en outre suscité des dilemmes juridiques, par l’opposition frontale entre les principes fondamentaux du droit bancaire et les normes anti-blanchiment.De cette opposition la primauté a été naturellement concédée aux normes de conformité LBC-F. Celles-ci ayant pour but la préservation du système financier contre l’infiltration des flux financiers d’origine illicite, partant, d’une protection de l’ordre public économique.Since the end of 1990s in our days, the normative frame of the anti-money laundering did not stop evolving. This evolution, tangible rest as long with regard to the increase of the penal standards, that of the multiplication of the standards of policing within banks.The latter saw their role evolving considerably. On one hand, because the money laundering is in essence a dynamic breach. This leads an adaptation of the statutory frame to the evolutions of the breach.On the other hand, for historic considerations, because of the central place that occupy banks in the traffic of the capital. But also operational, for their capacity in consideration of the arsenal of risk management which they incline to detect the financial flows of illicit origins.However, this new configuration redrew fundamentally the outlines of the banking profession and he gave a new face. Indeed, reports between bankers and customers, were affected on one hand. On the other hand, his traditional obligations entered conflict with the standards of conformities inherent to the LBC-FT.So, the role of the banker which was traditionally limited to the supply of financial services slid towards a function of investigation, autoregulation. This sliding generated difficulties of an operational point of view for banks. They besides aroused legal dilemma by the frontal opposition between the fundamental principles of the banking law and the standards anti-bleaching.Of this opposition the superiority was naturally granted to the standards of conformity LBC-F. These aiming at the conservation of the financial system against the infiltration of the financial flows of illicit origins, therefore, of a protection of the economic law and order

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL INTENSIVE AND LABOR INTENSIVE RICE IRRIGATED PERIMETERS IN THE SENEGAL RIVER VALLEY

Senegal is heavily dependent on imported food, particularly rice. During the late sixties and early seventies the Sahelian drought made the country painfully aware how dependent its agriculture is on rainfall. Irrigation and full water control systems along the major rivers became the "priority of priorities" in the recent Senegalese national plans. In the Senegal River Valley two major types of irrigation schemes had been implemented along the river valley since 1973: large scale and small scale irrigated perimeters. The objectives are to increase rice production and reduce dependence on foreign imports of rice. This paper analyzed the two types of irrigation schemes in the Senegal River Valley and compares the financial and economic cost of producing rice in each of them with the average CIF price of rice delivered to the capital city Dakar. The analysis shows that for large irrigated perimeters the economic and financial cost of locally produced rice delivered to Dakar range from 132 to 233 percent of the economic and financial average CIF price, respectively. For small perimeters the economic and financial costs are, respectively, 140 and 125 percent of the CIF prices. Costs for both large scale and small scale perimeters are relatively high for the following reasons: a) Senegal rice imports consist of broken milled rice from Southeast Asia which is the least expensive quality of rice on the world market; and b) Managerial problems which can be significantly improved if more consistent policies toward irrigated rice production are defined and applies, and if the land development agency concerned with the Senegal River Valley is reorganized

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL INTENSIVE AND LABOR INTENSIVE RICE IRRIGATED PERIMETERS IN THE SENEGAL RIVER VALLEY

Senegal is heavily dependent on imported food, particularly rice. During the late sixties and early seventies the Sahelian drought made the country painfully aware how dependent its agriculture is on rainfall. Irrigation and full water control systems along the major rivers became the "priority of priorities" in the recent Senegalese national plans. In the Senegal River Valley two major types of irrigation schemes had been implemented along the river valley since 1973: large scale and small scale irrigated perimeters. The objectives are to increase rice production and reduce dependence on foreign imports of rice. This paper analyzed the two types of irrigation schemes in the Senegal River Valley and compares the financial and economic cost of producing rice in each of them with the average CIF price of rice delivered to the capital city Dakar. The analysis shows that for large irrigated perimeters the economic and financial cost of locally produced rice delivered to Dakar range from 132 to 233 percent of the economic and financial average CIF price, respectively. For small perimeters the economic and financial costs are, respectively, 140 and 125 percent of the CIF prices. Costs for both large scale and small scale perimeters are relatively high for the following reasons: a) Senegal rice imports consist of broken milled rice from Southeast Asia which is the least expensive quality of rice on the world market; and b) Managerial problems which can be significantly improved if more consistent policies toward irrigated rice production are defined and applies, and if the land development agency concerned with the Senegal River Valley is reorganized.Crop Production/Industries,

La formation des cadres des services déconcentrées de l'enseignement secondaire en Guinée

The diagnosis of the Guinean educational system during the states general of education at the end of the 1980s showed the necessity of carrying out qualitative changes within itself. Since then, it has been subject to several reforms. The main objectives of the first one are the following: i) the restructuration of the system,ii) the improvement of the teaching and training quality;iii) the reinforcement of management, planning and educational administration capacities. Concerning the administration and the educational system management, it has been noticed that inspite of real recovery efforts, it remains a lot to do in order to reinforce the coordination and to make the decentralization more operational. Because, in spite of the putting in place of the decentralized structures, their autonomy as far as decision making is concerned has proven to be insufficient in addition to the lack of regular circulation of information, all of this constitute an obstacle to the good running of the system. From what preceeds, we can conclude by saying that the improvement of the guinean educational system just like the future of the school administrators in general and the institution heads in particular depends on a political decision which is in the hands of the educational authorities. They will be what they want them to be.Le diagnostic du système éducatif guinéen a montré ses dysfonctionnements et recommandé des réformes comme : i) la restructuration dudit système, ii) l'amélioration de la qualité de l'enseignement et de la formation ; iii) le renforcement des capacités de gestion, de planification et d'administration de l'éducation. S'agissant de l'administration et de la gestion du système éducatif, il a été constaté qu'il restait beaucoup à faire en vue de renforcer la coordination et de rendre plus opérationnelle la décentralisation. Car, malgré la mise en place des structures décentralisées, leur autonomie dans la prise de décision s'est avérée insuffisante en plus du manque de circuit régulier d'information, toutes choses qui sont une entrave au bon fonctionnement du système. Malgré les diverses formations, le niveau et la qualité de l'enseignement sont en baisse, les résultats aux examens ne sont pas toujours satisfaisants et que la crise de confiance qui couvait depuis longtemps entre les familles et l'école est en train de voir le jour. De ce qui précède, nous disons que l'amélioration du fonctionnement du système éducatif guinéen tout comme l'avenir des administrateurs scolaires en général et des chefs d'établissement en particulier dépendent d'une décision politique qui est entre les mains des autorités de l'Education. Ils seront ce qu'elles voudront qu'ils soient

Résolution du ∂∂ˉ\partial\bar{\partial} pour les courants prolongeables définis sur un domaine fortement pseudoconvexe d'une variété analytique complexe

On résout l'équation du $\partial\bar{\partial}$ pour les courants prolongeables définis dans un domaine $\Omega$ contractile fortement pseudoconvexe d'une variété analytique complexe $X$

Expérimentation du compost sur la culture de la pastèque : rendement et dose optimale

La présente étude a pour objectif de contribuer à la valorisation des déchets et d’évaluer l’effet du compost sur le rendement de la production de pastèque. Un champ expérimental de 1000 m2 a été aménagé. Des doses de compost de 2,5 ; 5,0 et 7,5 tonnes par hectare ont été appliquées sur les planches expérimentales. De l’engrais chimique a été utilisé sur une planche T0 pour des fins de comparaisons. Les observations ont porté sur la germination, la floraison, la fructification et le rendement. Il ressort de ses résultats un taux de germination supérieur à 80 % avec un accroissement de plus de 12 % pour les planches expérimentales, comparé à la planche témoin. Le taux de floraison dépasse 50 % contre 0,14 % pour T0. La fructification est observée après six semaines et le nombre de fruits était supérieur à 250 sur les planches expérimentales avec un seuil de 299 pour la dose de 5 T/ha. Cette étude révèle que la dose de 5 tonnes de compost par hectare est la dose optimale avec un rendement de 50 tonnes de pastèque par hectare soit une production 16 fois supérieure à celle obtenue par application d’engrais