Semantic Typology Pandemic Vocabulary: Covid Neologisms in English, French and German

Neologisms that appeared under the influence of the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection Covid-19 are considered, based on the material of English, French and German languages. The basis of the study is formed by neologisms collected by continuous sampling from available lexicographic sources and foreign language Internet resources. The relevance of this work is confirmed by the rapid growth of neologisms in all the languages under consideration. The novelty of the study lies in a comparative approach to the analysis of nomination processes and in determining the dominant areas of semantic attraction in these linguistic cultures. The elements that have shown the greatest productivity and stable functioning are singled out. The author’s classification of covid neologisms is proposed. The question is raised about the susceptibility of these languages to new realities, their productivity in the process of responding to changes in various spheres of society. It is concluded that the number of English neologisms prevails over the corresponding units in French and German. It is confirmed that the structure of the lexico-semantic groups identified during the analysis is heterogeneous and in some cases has a lacunar character. It is suggested that the reason for this may be both the specificity of the word formation of languages, and the peculiarities of the mentality inherent in a particular linguocultural community

Three very young HgMn stars in the Orion OB1 Association

We report the detection of three mercury-manganese stars in the Orion OB1 association. HD 37886 and BD-0 984 are in the approximately 1.7 million year old Orion OB1b. HD 37492 is in the approximately 4.6 million year old Orion OB1c. Orion OB1b is now the youngest cluster with known HgMn star members. This places an observational upper limit on the time scale needed to produce the chemical peculiarities seen in mercury-manganese stars, which should help in the search for the cause or causes of the peculiar abundances in HgMn and other chemically peculiar upper main sequence stars.Comment: 8 pages including 1 figure. To appear in Astrophysical Journal Letter

The Role of Biologically Active Aqueous Humor Molecules of the Anterior Chamber and Lacrimal Fluid in the Implementation of the Hypotensive Effect of Non-Penetrating Deep Sclerectomy

To date, the factors affecting the course of the reparative process after non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS) have not been fully determined. There is no systematic information about the regulatory role of the cytokines TGF-β, IL-6, IL-8 and MMP-9, VEGF A 121 and 165 in the formation mechanisms of the newly created pathways consistency of intraocular aqueous humor outflow.Purpose. To determine possible ways of impact of biologically active aqueous humor molecules of the anterior chamber and lacrimal fluid on the hypotensive effect of non-penetrating deep sclerectomy.Methods. A prospective study of 65 patients with open-angle glaucoma before and 12 months after NPDS and 22 patients without eye hydrodynamic disorders with the determination of the initial concentrations of biologically active molecules in the lacrimal fluid and aqueous humor of the anterior chamber. Twelve months after NPDS all patients were divided into three groups, depending on the hypotensive effect of the operation, according to the criteria.Results. Multivariate discriminant analysis showed the greatest inter-group differences, calculated by the square of the Mahalanobis distance, between group 3 with no hypotensive effect of NPDS and the control group (R2 = 8.48, p = 0.001). The most informative features that determine the differences between the 4 groups in the total population, calculated according to the Fischer F-test, were MMP-9 (F = 14.7, p = 0.001) and TGF-β (F = 7.08, p = 0.001) in the aqueous humor of the anterior chamber. In pairwise comparison of groups 1 and 2, the maximum level of significance according to the F-criterion was characteristic of the level of tear IL-6 (F = 21.25, p = 0.001), with approximately equal degree – IL-8 (F = 7.85, p = 0.001) and VEGF (F = 7.12, p = 0.001), to a lesser extent TGF of aqueous humor (F = 4.43, p = 0.001) and MMR-9 (F = 2.23, p = 0.001). Between groups 1–3, the maximum differences according to the Fisher criterion were observed in the IL-8 (F = 20.99, p = 0.001), TGF (F = 8.75, p = 0.001) and to a lesser extent – TGF (F = 5.83, p = 0.001).Conclusion. The analysis of the obtained data showed the decisive role of the imbalance of proinflammatory cytokines, signaling proteins with prolymphoangiogenic activity, and MMP-9 in the aqueous humor of the anterior chamber, as well as in the initial state of the lacrimal fluid in the postoperative healing processes after NPDS

Vasa vasorum lumen narrowing in brain vascular hyalinosis in systemic hypertension patients who died of ischemic stroke

Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death among patients with systemic hypertension. The narrowing of the lumen of the brain vasculature contributes to the increased incidence of stroke. While hyalinosis represents the major pathological lesions contributing to vascular lumen narrowing and stroke, the pathogenic mechanism of brain vascular hyalinosis has not been well characterized. Thus, the present study examined the postmortem brain vasculature of human patients who died of ischemic stroke due to systemic hypertension. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry showed the occurrence of brain vascular hyalinosis with infiltrated plasma proteins along with the narrowing of the vasa vasorum and oxidative stress. Transmission electron microscopy revealed endothelial cell bulge protrusion into the vasa vasorum lumen and the occurrence of endocytosis in the vasa vasorum endothelium. The treatment of cultured microvascular endothelial cells with adrenaline also promoted the formation of the bulge as well as endocytic vesicles. The siRNA knockdown of sortin nexin-9 (a mediator of clathrin-mediated endocytosis) inhibited adrenaline-induced endothelial cell bulge formation. Adrenaline promoted protein-protein interactions between sortin nexin-9 and neural Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (a regulator of actin polymerization). Spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats also exhibited lesions indicative of brain vascular hyalinosis, the endothelial cell protrusion into the lumen of the vasa vasorum, and endocytosis in vasa vasorum endothelial cells. We propose that endocytosis-dependent endothelial cell bulge protrusion narrows the vasa vasorum, resulting in ischemic oxidative damage to cerebral vessels, the formation of hyalinosis, the occurrence of ischemic stroke, and death in systemic hypertension patients

A clinical case of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus

The pancreas belongs to the glands of mixed secretion and simultaneously performs both endo- and exocrine functions. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is the general name for the malabsorption process caused by inadequate production and decreased activation of the enzymes of the pancreas acinar cells, such as amylase, lipase and protease, which are necessary for digestion. The prevalence of EPI in patients with type 1 diabetes, according to many authors, varies from 25 to 59%, which is determine by the data of pancreatic elastase-1. In this work, we present a clinical case of confirmed exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in a patient with a 6-year history of type 1 diabetes, which became the main cause of the development of episodes of hypoglycemia after meals. In the course of further studies, antibodies to lactoferrin and a reduced prostate volume, determined by MRI data, high levels of antibodies to glutamate decarboxylase and zinc co-transporter 8, as well as residual insulin secretion based on the level of C-peptide on an empty stomach detected

Clinical and Immunological Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Non-Penetrating Deep Sclerectomy in the Early Postoperative Period

Today the mechanisms of pathological scarring and inconsistency of the intraocular fluid outflow pathways after nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS), reducing its effectiveness, have not yet been determined. There is no systematic information about the regulatory role of cytokine TGF-β and MMP-9 in the mechanisms of formation of the newly created intraocular fluid outflow pathways.Aim: to assess changes in the clinical and immunological status of patients with open-angle glaucoma after NPDS in the early postoperative period.Methods. A prospective examination of 26 patients with open-angle glaucoma before and in 1 month after NPDS with determination of concentration of TGF-β and MMP-9 in tear humor. One month after NPDS, all patients were divided into two groups depending on the effect of the operation achieved according to the developed criteria.Results. Before the operation, tears TGF-β values in group 1 exceeded baseline values of group 2 by 1.4 times, the initial content of MMP-9 in tears in both groups was comparable. After the operation, in group 1, a moderate increase in the concentration of tears TGF-β by 1.3 times and a significant increase in the concentration of tears MMP-9 in 4.6 times compared with baseline values were revealed. In patients of group 2, after NPDS, there was a significant increase in the concentration of tears TGF-β, on average, 2.4 times relative to preoperative values, the content of MMP-9 did not significantly change.Conclusion. 1 month after NPDS, an imbalance in the concentration of TGF-β and MMP-9 in tears was detected in patients of the two groups that have fundamental clinical differences in the hypotensive effect and the formation of postoperative intraocular fluid outflow pathways

Long-term β-cells autoimmune destruction markers persistence and residual C-peptide secretion in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Backgraund: It believed that autoimmune process maintained only during the first 5 years of diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1D). Recently scientists discovered the high levels of islet autoantibodies (Ab) in long-standing T1D and some of these patients had residual insulin secretion, determined by the level of C-peptide. According to various sources, the prevalence of such observations ranges from 12 to 48%.Aims: The aim of our study was to assess the duration of autoimmune β-cells destruction markers persistence and residual fasting C-peptide secretion in the long-standing T1D, as well as to determine the possible causes and patterns of these processes.Materials and methods: In the study included 237 patients (91 men, 146 women) with T1D. Patients divided in 4 groups, according to disease duration: а — up to 1 year, n=69 (29%); b — 1–5 years, 52 (22%); c — 5–10 years, 57 (24%); d — more than 10 years, 59 (25%). Ab to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), tyrosine phosphatase-like IA-2 (IA2) and zinc T8 (ZnT8A) were detected by Enzyme Immunoassay. Also detected C-peptide levels and retrospectively HbA1с.Results: Antibodies to antigens of β-cell components were detected in 26 (37%) patients in group A, in 17 patients (33%) in group B, in 15 (29%) in group C and in 14 (23%) — G.In the control group (n = 19), an increased level of antibodies was not revealed. Fasting C-peptide levels were as follows: in group «A» — 0.86 ng / ml [0.53; 1.4], «B» — 0.65 ng / ml [0.27; 0.98], « B «- 0.19 ng / ml [0.17; 0.33],» D «- 0.01 ng / ml [0.01; 0.01]. However, in 13 (22%) patients in group D, fasting C-peptide levels were more than 0.09 ng / ml.Conclusion: The data obtained indicate a long-term persistence of markers of the autoimmune process in patients with T1DM. In groups with a long (more than 5 years) course of T1DM, levels of fasting C-peptide more than 30 pmol/L (0.09 ng / ml or 0.03 nmol / L) were noted in 39 (33.6%) cases

Papilledema in chronic subdural hematoma: how often it is seen and what has changed?

Background: A chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is defined as an encapsulated accumulation of a clot of blood and degraded blood products on the surface of the brain between the dural and arachnoid membranes. Papilledema had for a long time been referred to as a characteristic objective symptom of CSDH. The incidence of papilledema is however, variable and depends on a variety of factors. Purpose: To analyze the data on the diagnosis of papilledema in patients with CSDH and to review the place of papilledema among the clinical findings in CSDH. Material and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 164 patients with CSDH who underwent treatment at the Romodanov Neurosurgery Institute and Zaporizhzhia City Clinical Emergency Care Hospital from 2011 through 2021. Patients underwent clinical-and-neurological, ophthalmological, and neuroimaging examinations. Results: Papilledema was found in 4 (2.4%) of the patients. All these four patients had moderate papilledema which regressed after surgery. Details of these cases were reviewed. Conclusion: A shift in the peak incidence of CSDH towards an older age group and an increasing use of neuroimaging modalities exert an impact on the incidence of papilledema in patients with CSDH. Papilledema was found in 2.4% of the patients of the study

Variations and anomalies in the structure and branching of lumbosacral spinal nerve roots: a case report and global insights

Aim. The objective of this study is to analyze the clinical course of lumbosacral spinal nerve root anomalies / variants Type I according to the A. Neidre and I. MacNab’s classification, along with a retrospective MRI data analysis before surgery, focusing on the unique branching and topography of the spinal nerve roots. Additionally, we aim to address the relevance of correlating preoperative visualized features with the presence of anatomical anomalies attributed to these spinal nerve root variations, and their implications on the clinical presentation. Our study aims to compare our findings with the global diagnostic experience, classification, and specific aspects of performing discectomies based on individual anatomical characteristics of the lumbosacral region. Results. We present data from our own observation, when during surgery, a probable verification of a Type I lumbosacral spinal nerve root anomaly / variation according to the A. Neidre and I. MacNab’s classification was discovered in a patient. The anomaly appeared as a dense mass resembling a nerve root in the structural characteristics but with a significantly larger diameter. It emerged from the dural space at the level of the upper third of the L5 arch and then divided into two parts. A thinner bundle, comparable in diameter to a normal nerve root, exited through the L5-S1 intervertebral foramen, while a considerably thicker bundle followed a path parallel to the axis of the dural sac and exited through the S1-S2 intervertebral foramen. Comparison with global clinical observations revealed that despite the significant clinical and surgical implications, several aspects of this anomaly remain poorly studied and require further exploration and systematization. Conclusions. The lumbosacral nerve root anomalies (LSNRA) demonstrate a variety of structural variations and branching patterns, which are reflected in different classifications. Among the professional community, the classification of LSNRA, developed by A. Neidre and I. MacNab in 1983 and supplemented by S. M. Burke et al. in 2013, is recognized as the most relevant and frequently applied. While changes in vertebral bone structures can be easily diagnosed using modern imaging methods, preoperative diagnosis of LSNRA proves to be challenging, and the informativeness of standard MRI is limited, as confirmed by the clinical case presented. The dissonance between prominent neurological symptoms and relatively minor disc protrusion allows for the potential presence of a root variation/anomaly when planning the lumbar spine discectomy. The most informative diagnostic method for LSNRA is MR neurography. Among the radiological signs of Type I lumbоsacral nerve root anomalies, the following are considered valid: “corner sign”, “fat crescent sign”, and “parallel sign”. The verification of LSNRA is predominantly intraoperatively based on a series of characteristic topographicanatomical features, including atypical locations of the root’s origin from the dural sac, “unusual” nerve root exit angle, even up to a right angle, and technical challenges in root mobilization during routine lumbar discectomy procedures