Amygdala Dopamine Receptors Are Required for the Destabilization of a Reconsolidating Appetitive Memory1,2^{1,2}

Disrupting maladaptive memories may provide a novel form of treatment for neuropsychiatric disorders, but little is known about the neurochemical mechanisms underlying the induction of lability, or destabilization, of a retrieved consolidated memory. Destabilization has been theoretically linked to the violation of expectations during memory retrieval, which, in turn, has been suggested to correlate with prediction error (PE). It is well-established that PE correlates with dopaminergic signaling in limbic forebrain structures that are critical for emotional learning. The basolateral amygdala is a key neural substrate for the reconsolidation of pavlovian reward-related memories, but the involvement of dopaminergic mechanisms in inducing lability of amygdala-dependent memories has not been investigated. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that dopaminergic signaling within the basolateral amygdala is required for the destabilization of appetitive pavlovian memories by investigating the effects dopaminergic and protein synthesis manipulations on appetitive memory reconsolidation in rats. Intra-amygdala administration of either the D1-selective dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390 or the D2-selective dopamine receptor antagonist raclopride prevented memory destabilization at retrieval, thereby protecting the memory from the effects of an amnestic agent, the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin. These data show that dopaminergic transmission within the basolateral amygdala is required for memory labilization during appetitive memory reconsolidation.This work was supported by a UK Medical Research Council Programme Grant (G1002231) to B.J.E. and A.L.M. and was conducted in the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI), an initiative jointly funded by the MRC and the Wellcome Trust. A.L.M. was supported by a BCNI lectureship and the Ferrerailletts Fellowship from Downing College, Cambridge. The manuscript was partly prepared while A.L.M. was an Erskine Visiting Cambridge Fellow at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

Indigenous family violence : an attempt to understand the problems and inform appropriate and effective responses to criminal justice system intervention

Whilst high levels of concern about the prevalence of family violence within Indigenous communities have long been expressed, progress in the development of evidence-based intervention programs for known perpetrators has been slow. This review of the literature aims to provide a resource for practitioners who work in this area, and a framework from within which culturally specific violence prevention programs can be developed and delivered. It is suggested that effective responses to Indigenous family violence need to be informed by culturally informed models of violence, and that significant work is needed to develop interventions that successfully manage the risk of perpetrators of family violence committing further offences.<br /

Indigenous service providers' perspectives on anger programs

Drawing on interviews with human services workers with experience in the design and delivery of rehabilitation programs for Indigenous male offenders, this chapter examines how cultural differences, attitudes towards program facilitators, literacy and other factors can affect program delivery, and how programs can become more responsive to participants' needs. It presents an outline of characteristics common to Indigenous men referred to anger management programs, including low self esteem and a sense of frustration, anger and powerlessness, especially in young, urban Aborigines and mostly in response to social and economic marginalisation. The authors identify triggers or contextual factors implicated in violence, including interfamily feuds, jealousy within intimate relationships and alcohol intoxication. The chapter discusses various issues that may affect the participation of Indigenous men in anger management programs, and ways in which the issues may affect rehabilitation outcomes