39 research outputs found

    Combining Phi6 as a surrogate virus and computational large-eddy simulations to study airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a restaurant

    Get PDF
    COVID-19 has highlighted the need for indoor risk-reduction strategies. Our aim is to provide information about the virus dispersion and attempts to reduce the infection risk. Indoor transmission was studied simulating a dining situation in a restaurant. Aerosolized Phi6 viruses were detected with several methods. The aerosol dispersion was modeled by using the Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) technique. Three risk-reduction strategies were studied: (1) augmenting ventilation with air purifiers, (2) spatial partitioning with dividers, and (3) combination of 1 and 2. In all simulations infectious viruses were detected throughout the space proving the existence long-distance aerosol transmission indoors. Experimental cumulative virus numbers and LES dispersion results were qualitatively similar. The LES results were further utilized to derive the evolution of infection probability. Air purifiers augmenting the effective ventilation rate by 65% reduced the spatially averaged infection probability by 30%-32%. This relative reduction manifests with approximately 15 min lag as aerosol dispersion only gradually reaches the purifier units. Both viral findings and LES results confirm that spatial partitioning has a negligible effect on the mean infection-probability indoors, but may affect the local levels adversely. Exploitation of high-resolution LES jointly with microbiological measurements enables an informative interpretation of the experimental results and facilitates a more complete risk assessment.Peer reviewe

    Experimental Infection of Mink with SARS-COV-2 Omicron Variant and Subsequent Clinical Disease

    Get PDF
    We report an experimental infection of American mink with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and show that mink remain positive for viral RNA for days, experience clinical signs and histopathologic changes, and transmit the virus to uninfected recipients. Preparedness is crucial to avoid spread among mink and spillover to human populations.Peer reviewe

    Search for composite and exotic fermions at LEP 2

    Get PDF
    A search for unstable heavy fermions with the DELPHI detector at LEP is reported. Sequential and non-canonical leptons, as well as excited leptons and quarks, are considered. The data analysed correspond to an integrated luminosity of about 48 pb^{-1} at an e^+e^- centre-of-mass energy of 183 GeV and about 20 pb^{-1} equally shared between the centre-of-mass energies of 172 GeV and 161 GeV. The search for pair-produced new leptons establishes 95% confidence level mass limits in the region between 70 GeV/c^2 and 90 GeV/c^2, depending on the channel. The search for singly produced excited leptons and quarks establishes upper limits on the ratio of the coupling of the excited fermio

    Search for lightest neutralino and stau pair production in light gravitino scenarios with stau NLSP

    Get PDF
    Promptly decaying lightest neutralinos and long-lived staus are searched for in the context of light gravitino scenarios. It is assumed that the stau is the next to lightest supersymmetric particle (NLSP) and that the lightest neutralino is the next to NLSP (NNLSP). Data collected with the Delphi detector at centre-of-mass energies from 161 to 183 \GeV are analysed. No evidence of the production of these particles is found. Hence, lower mass limits for both kinds of particles are set at 95% C.L.. The mass of gaugino-like neutralinos is found to be greater than 71.5 GeV/c^2. In the search for long-lived stau, masses less than 70.0 to 77.5 \GeVcc are excluded for gravitino masses from 10 to 150 \eVcc . Combining this search with the searches for stable heavy leptons and Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model staus a lower limit of 68.5 \GeVcc may be set for the stau mas

    Virusten ilmateitse julkisissa tiloissa leviÀmisen tutkiminen kÀyttÀen mallivirus phi 6:tta

    Get PDF
    TiivistelmĂ€ — Referat — Abstract Vuoden 2019 COVID-19 pandemialla on ollut suuri vaikutus ravintola- ja matkailualaan, vĂ€hentĂ€en sen tuottavuutta 35.4 % vuoden 2020 Q4:llĂ€. Alan kannattavuuden sĂ€ilyttĂ€miseksi, uusia tapoja estÀÀ virusten leviĂ€mistĂ€ tĂ€ytyy tutkia ja kehittÀÀ. TĂ€ssĂ€ tutkimuksessa tutkittiin mallivirus phi 6:n avulla virusten leviĂ€mistĂ€ ilmateitse sisĂ€tiloissa, sekĂ€ ilmanpuhdistimien ja tilanjakajien kĂ€yttöÀ mahdollisena interventiokeinona SARS-CoV-2 leviĂ€mistĂ€ vastaan. Filtterillisten ilmanpuhdistimien huomattiin toimivan mahdollisena ratkaisuna virusten ilmateitse leviĂ€misen estĂ€miseen julkisissa tiloissa, kuten ravintoloissa. Laitteiden sijoittelu on kuitenkin avainasemassa niiden toimivuuden kannalta, sillĂ€ ilman virtaus niitĂ€ kohti voi lisĂ€tĂ€ viruskonsentraatiota paikallisesti. Tilanjakajien todettiin lisÀÀvĂ€n aerosolivĂ€litteisen infektion mahdollisuutta. Myös muun tyyppisiĂ€ ilmanpuhdistimia testattiin: ionisaattoriprototyyppiĂ€ ja hydroksyyliradikaaleja tuottavaa ilmanpuhdistus-yksikköÀ. NĂ€istĂ€ ionisaattorien todettiin estĂ€vĂ€n tehokkaasti virusten ilmateitse leviĂ€mistĂ€. TĂ€rkeimpĂ€nĂ€ tuloksena vahvistettiin, vaipallisen viruksen, kuten koronavirukset, kykenevĂ€t leviĂ€mÀÀn ilmateitse aerosoli-vĂ€litteisesti.The COVID-19 pandemic of 2019 has had a huge impact on the hospitality industry, decreasing production by 35.4% in Q4 of 2020. To keep the industry functional, new safety solutions have to be studied and developed for mitigation of the pandemic. In this study, airborne transmission of viruses in an indoor space was studied, and air purifiers and space dividers were tested as potential intervention methods against SARS-CoV-2 by using a non-pathogenic model virus phi 6. Filtered air purifiers were found to work as a possible solution for the mitigation of viruses spreading through aerosols in public spaces such as restaurants, however, the positioning of the devices is crucial, as the air flow to them may increase the concentration of viruses locally. Space dividers were found to increase the possibility of infection via aerosols. Other types of air purifiers were also tested: an ionizer prototype and a hydroxyl radical emitting unit, of which the ionizer prototype proved to be efficient in reducing the virus concentrations in the air. Most importantly, it was confirmed that enveloped viruses resembling coronaviruses are capable of spreading via aerosol transmission indoors

    Kommunikation i förskolan

    No full text
    Studiens syfte Ă€r att belysa förĂ€ldrars och förskollĂ€rares tankar och Ă„sikter om den dagliga kommunikationen. Vi har utgĂ„tt ifrĂ„n tre frĂ„gestĂ€llningar i studien;‱Vilket innehĂ„ll tar förskollĂ€rare och förĂ€ldrar upp i den dagliga kommunikationen?‱Vad Ă€r det viktigaste i de informella samtalen vid lĂ€mning och hĂ€mtning enligt förĂ€ldrar och förskollĂ€rare?‱Vilken syn har förskollĂ€rare och förĂ€ldrar pĂ„ delaktighet och inflytande?Vi har anvĂ€nt oss av deliberativa samtal som en kommunikativ teori. Deliberativa samtal Ă€r en teori som anvĂ€nds inom utbildning och det Ă€r dĂ€rför den var intressant för oss att anvĂ€nda. Studien har en grund i material frĂ„n enskilda intervjuer. Vi har valt att anvĂ€nda oss av kvalitativ metod, dĂ„ vi vill se mönster, samband, skillnader och likheter. Resultatet visar pĂ„ förĂ€ldrars syn pĂ„ betydelsen av att vara med i deras barns vardag pĂ„ förskolan, dĂ€r kommunikation och information Ă€r viktig. Centrala slutsatser av studien Ă€r att kommunikation Ă€r av stor betydelse i förskolan och för att kommunikation ska fungera mellan pedagoger och förĂ€ldrar behövs en öppenhet, Ă€rlighet och lyhördhet. Informationen som förĂ€ldrarna fĂ„r och förskollĂ€rare ger kan bĂ„de vara av praktisk och unik karaktĂ€r. Information av praktisk karaktĂ€r handlar om det som hĂ€nder varje dag och Ă€r en del av rutinen, hur barnen Ă€tit, sovit eller om toalettsituationen. Med unik karaktĂ€r menas information om speciella hĂ€ndelser som inte hĂ€nder varje dag. FörĂ€ldrarna vill vara delaktiga och fĂ„ möjlighet till inflytande men de vill vara det pĂ„ sitt sĂ€tt och sina villkor

    Kommunikation i förskolan

    No full text
    Studiens syfte Ă€r att belysa förĂ€ldrars och förskollĂ€rares tankar och Ă„sikter om den dagliga kommunikationen. Vi har utgĂ„tt ifrĂ„n tre frĂ„gestĂ€llningar i studien; ‱ Vilket innehĂ„ll tar förskollĂ€rare och förĂ€ldrar upp i den dagliga kommunikationen? ‱ Vad Ă€r det viktigaste i de informella samtalen vid lĂ€mning och hĂ€mtning enligt förĂ€ldrar och förskollĂ€rare? ‱ Vilken syn har förskollĂ€rare och förĂ€ldrar pĂ„ delaktighet och inflytande? Vi har anvĂ€nt oss av deliberativa samtal som en kommunikativ teori. Deliberativa samtal Ă€r en teori som anvĂ€nds inom utbildning och det Ă€r dĂ€rför den var intressant för oss att anvĂ€nda. Studien har en grund i material frĂ„n enskilda intervjuer. Vi har valt att anvĂ€nda oss av kvalitativ metod, dĂ„ vi vill se mönster, samband, skillnader och likheter. Resultatet visar pĂ„ förĂ€ldrars syn pĂ„ betydelsen av att vara med i deras barns vardag pĂ„ förskolan, dĂ€r kommunikation och information Ă€r viktig. Centrala slutsatser av studien Ă€r att kommunikation Ă€r av stor betydelse i förskolan och för att kommunikation ska fungera mellan pedagoger och förĂ€ldrar behövs en öppenhet, Ă€rlighet och lyhördhet. Informationen som förĂ€ldrarna fĂ„r och förskollĂ€rare ger kan bĂ„de vara av praktisk och unik karaktĂ€r. Information av praktisk karaktĂ€r handlar om det som hĂ€nder varje dag och Ă€r en del av rutinen, hur barnen Ă€tit, sovit eller om toalettsituationen. Med unik karaktĂ€r menas information om speciella hĂ€ndelser som inte hĂ€nder varje dag. FörĂ€ldrarna vill vara delaktiga och fĂ„ möjlighet till inflytande men de vill vara det pĂ„ sitt sĂ€tt och sina villkor

    High-volume evacuation mitigates viral aerosol spread in dental procedures

    Get PDF
    Abstract Dental healthcare personnel (DHCP) are subjected to microbe-containing aerosols and splatters in their everyday work. Safer work conditions must be developed to ensure the functioning of the healthcare system. By simulating dental procedures, we aimed to compare the virus-containing aerosol generation of four common dental instruments, and high-volume evacuation (HVE) in their mitigation. Moreover, we combined the detection of infectious viruses with RT-qPCR to form a fuller view of virus-containing aerosol spread in dental procedures. The air–water syringe produced the highest number of aerosols. HVE greatly reduced aerosol concentrations during procedures. The air–water syringe spread infectious virus-containing aerosols throughout the room, while other instruments only did so to close proximity. Additionally, infectious viruses were detected on the face shields of DHCP. Virus genomes were detected throughout the room with all instruments, indicating that more resilient viruses might remain infectious and pose a health hazard. HVE reduced the spread of both infectious viruses and viral genomes, however, it did not fully prevent them. We recommend meticulous use of HVE, a well-fitting mask and face shields in dental procedures. We advise particular caution when operating with the air–water syringe. Due to limited repetitions, this study should be considered a proof-of-concept report
    corecore