Managing in Conditions of Crisis Events - Environmental Aspects

Inside frames of acting of the authority services and bodies it is necessary to take measures and activities in the part of protection of the environment, especially protection of the resources for pristine continuation of everyday life of the population in time of crisis. In the field of dealing with risks with the National platform, in cases of ecological risks and risks in the domain of agriculture, forestry and water management are predicted. Conflict happened in the Republic of Macedonia in 2001 presented serious security problem, resulting in several causes. With that the safety condition was violated and the national safety was attacked by Albanian radical groups. Of course, the conflict also had implications on the environment. This crisis event and the other types of crises in Republic of Macedonia are part of this paper. The author of this text analyses the results of research which was conducted from the Faculty of Security- Skopje during 2009-2010, when 667 examinees were polled. Also the author in the paper analyses some official documents about measures to be taken during crisis in Republic of Macedonia

Contemporary Criminalistics methods for detection of environmental crime through application of software for financial investigations

Environmental crimes are serious crime happening very often and with sophisticated forms of committing the offenses. Environmental crime is present both at national and international level, as reflected by numerous operational actions in order for suppressionof this type of crime. New technologies are a benefit used in various spheres of the social life. They are widely used within the Criminalistics science. Worldwide, there are new and more sophisticated methods applicable to various stages of the criminal investigation. The new programs, which can create, search, gather, analyze and share Criminalistics-bound data in various density timescales, can represent a great tool in hands of the police for effectively tackling this type of crime. The authors of the paper address several software solutions and the development of special computer programs used in the detection of crimes as well as collecting information for clarification of certain criminal events. The paper makes special reference to the computer program used for crime mapping in the Republic of Macedonia

Forensic analysis in environmental crimes

Environmental crime signifies the crime which is well represented in the overall crime rates, however its dark number is significant. Population or citizens aren’t enough educated and also do not have high level of awareness to recognize and at the same time report environmental crimes. Therefore it is of the utmost importance that the discovered environmental crimes are proven and that the adequate sanction are imposed to the perpetrators. The methodology of investigating environmental crimes implies conducting a significant numbers of operative-tactical actions and investigative measures that can ensure gathering evidence of environmental crime within the criminal investigation frames. Forensic analysis is of particular importance for environmental crime investigation, where application of this analysis can provide material evidence for courts. First of all, this refers to the situational field expertise, onsite inspection or insight at the place of the event, as well as laboratory expertise on traces found at the crime scene. The authors of this paper analyze the measures and activities applied by the competent authorities, such as police and inspection bodies, and elaborate certain actions and processes regarding the forensic analysis

Reflections

This publication explores the journey of the Open Society Initiative for Eastern Africa since its inception.Founded in 2005, the initiative plays an active role in encouraging open, informed dialogue about issues of public importance through innovative and collaborative processes. It supports individuals and groups to participate in matters that affect them in order to demand fair treatment, delivery of services, and accountability from their leaders and institutions. The Open Society Initiative for Eastern Africa awards grants, develops its own programs, and promotes debate on issues of public importance

Criminalistics and psychological aspects of providing evidence and collecting information by personal information sources

The provision of personal source of information as (a proof of) evidence is an important part of criminalistics and the work of inspectors in detecting offenses. Criminalists should be familiar with the methods and techniques of collecting information by personal information sources, and the stages of performing conversation with people, reading body language, etc. Despite knowledge of criminalistics aspects, criminalists should be knowledgeable in the field of psychology. The emotions, their interpretation, knowledge of personality and reactions are an important part of the operational work. The authors of the paper are presenting the results of research which includes inspectors and their practices in providing evidence and collecting information from citizens by personal information sources. Based on the survey authors of the paper give a review of criminalistics and psychological aspects of personal sources of information

Education of personnel for private security

Education of personnel for private security is very important for successful implementation of activities in the field of private security. These professionals face daily challenges of providing objects, persons, events, etc. In some cases these challenges are attacks of terrorists, radical groups and individuals. Because the response to these security threats is evident the security people must be trained, have appropriate education, especially in the field of Criminalistics. The authors of this paper analyze the educational system for private security in Republic of Macedonia, curricula and the study programs. They also analyze the research results for education professionals in the field of private security. It is a study involving five European countries under the title ,,Train brain soft,,

EVALUATION OF THE CHARACTER OF MICROBIAL FLORA AT THE STAGES OF TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH MALIGNANT OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE

Relevance. The feasibility of preoperative billiary decompression (PBD) remains controversial in patients with malignant billiary obstruction (MOJ), due to the increased risk of multidrug-resistant (MDR), in most cases, catheter-associated microflora and postoperative infection complications. Analysis of biliary infection (BI) and its antibiotic sensitivity is an important aspect of clinical management of patients with resectable tumors of the pancreatobiliary region, which will improve treatment outcomes and reduce postoperative complications. Objective: to assess the nature of the microbial flora at the stages of treatment in patients with MOJ. Мaterials and methods. Prospective single-center cohort study of 136 patients with OJ. Patients were divided into two groups depending on the conduct of biliary decompression in the preoperative stage: group A (n = 84) – patients who underwent biliary decompression; group B (n = 52) – patients who did not perform biliary decompression. Collection of material (bile, drainage) for bacteriological examination was carried out in group A in three stages: 1) during PBD (stage I); 2) during the main surgery – ductus choledochus or endobiliary stent culture (stage II – intraoperative) and in the postoperative period for 3-5 days – culture of exudate from the drainage lumen (stage III – postoperative). In group B, material collection was performed – intraoperatively and postoperatively. The object of the study – microbial isolates, which were isolated in the above terms from the bile, which were identified by conventional methods of bacteriological laboratory. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic flora were studied. The taxonomic structure of microorganism (MO) was assessed by the level of acquired antimicrobial resistance, which is stratified by the European Center for Disease Control. During the bacteriological study, the sensitivity of MO to the following antibiotics was tested: ampicillin-sulbactam, ceftazidime, cefoperazone-sulbactam, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem, vancomycin. Results. BI identified in I stage of the study was represented by monomicrobial in 54.8% of patients and in 45.2% of cases by polymicrobial flora. At the II and III stages of treatment, mixed flora prevailed - 89.3% and 85.7% of cases, respectively. In group A, E. coli was most often sown at the PDB stage (44.5%). E.coli (34.1% and 26.8%) and Kl.pneumoniae were sown most often at the intra- and postoperative stages (20.8% and 28.0%). In group B, monomicrobial flora was presented in 96.2% of cases at the intraoperative stage, while in the postoperative period only in 42.3% of cases. The flora that prevailed in stages II-III of group B was represented by E. coli (31.5% and 29.4%), E. faecalis (18.5% and 15.3%), C.frendii (16.7% and 11.8%).                                    Conclusions. Bacterial infection that causes cholangitis in patients with MOJ, detected primarily during interventional methods of biliary decompression is not a complication. PBD is a risk factor for MDR flora. Each additional day with biliary drainage increases the probability of developing antibiotic resistance by HR 0.17 (95% ВІ 0.07- 0.4), p<0,001 at endobilliary stent placement, and at percutaneous transhepatic biliary drenage by HR 0.59 (95% CI 0.95-0.98), p <0.042. Routine performance of  bile culture, knowledge of nosocomial microbial background and indicators of its resistance, the primary method of Gram staining allows the use of early targeted antibiotic therapy, which prevents the development of MDR flora and improves the quality of the postoperative period.  Strict adherence to escalation antibiotic therapy scheme at each stage of treatment can prevent the development of MDR flora. The development of new techniques to prevent the development of stent-associated colonization of MO is an important step in preventing bacteriobilia

Potential role of the EPEC Translocated intimin receptor (Tir) in host apoptotic events

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a well-ordered process that allows damaged or diseased cells to be removed from an organism without severe inflammatory reactions. Multiple factors, including microbial infection, can induce programmed death and trigger reactions in both host and microbial cellular pathways. Whereas an ultimate outcome is host cell death, these apoptotic triggering mechanisms may also facilitate microbial spread and prolong infection. To gain a better understanding of the complex events of host cell response to microbial infection, we investigated the molecular role of the microorganism Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in programmed cell death. We report that wild type strain of EPEC, E2348/69, induced apoptosis in cultured PtK2 and Caco-2 cells, and in contrast, infections by the intracellularly localized Listeria monocytogenes did not. Fractionation and concentration of EPEC-secreted proteins demonstrated that soluble protein factors expressed by the bacteria were capable of inducing the apoptotic events in the absence of organism attachment, suggesting adherence is not required to induce host cell death. Among the known EPEC proteins secreted via the Type III secretion (TTS) system, we identified the translocated intimin receptor (Tir) in the apoptosis-inducing protein sample. In addition, host cell ectopic expression of an EPEC GFP-Tir showed mitochondrial localization of the protein and produced apoptotic effects in transfected cells. Taken together, these results suggest a potential EPEC Tirmediated role in the apoptotic signaling cascade of infected host cells

SOVIET AGRICULTURAL POLICY IN THE 1980

During the early 1960s. the USSR entered a stage where the pent-up forces for a higher standard of living no longer could be ignored. These forces showed in an increased demand for high-quality food products, particularly meat, and raised Soviet demand for feed grains. The Soviets came to rely increasingly on the world grain market for these-particularly on the United States. Nonetheless, consumer discontent over food supplies and the reliance on imported grain was a strategic weakness which the United States sought to exploit in 1980. The USSR reacted by formulating a IIFood PrOgramI1 that is the basis of today's Soviet agricultural policy. Its implications for trade could be significant. Copyright 1984 by The Policy Studies Organization.