Table_1_Directed causal effect with PCMCI in hyperscanning EEG time series.DOCX

Social activities are likely to cause effects or reactivity in the brains of the people involved in collaborative social situations. This study assesses a new method, Tigramite, for time domain analysis of directed causality between the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of persons in such situations. An experimental situation using hyperscanning EEG was applied while individuals led and followed each other in finger-tapping rhythms. This structured task has a long duration and a high likelihood of inter-brain causal reactions in the prefrontal cortices. Tigramite is a graph-based causal discovery method to identify directed causal relationships in observational time series. Tigramite was used to analyze directed causal connections within and between the PFC. Significantly directed causality within and between brains could be detected during the social interactions. This is the first empirical evidence the Tigramite can reveal inter- and intra-brain-directed causal effects in hyperscanning EEG time series. The findings are promising for further studies of causality in neural networks during social activities using Tigramite on EEG in the time domain.</p

data in excel-file

Women assessed two times post partum (within 48h and after 4-6 weeks) and healthy controls assessed twice across the menstrual cycle (mid-follicular and late luteal). Demographic data and extracted beta-values from obtained differences within/between groups in BOLD-reactivity to an emotional face-matching task

Demographic and clinical data for the study population.

<p>Data are expressed as mean (standard deviation) or <i>n</i> (%).</p><p>^aSelf-reported pre-pregnancy values.</p><p>^bFisher’s exact test.</p><p>Demographic and clinical data for the study population.</p

Spearman rank correlations between blood oxygen level—dependent reactivity to emotional stimuli and self-reported anxiety and depression in early and late postpartum in 13 women.

<p>MADRS-S = Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale—Self-rated version, STAI-S = Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, EPDS = Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.</p><p>*<i>p</i> < 0.05.</p><p>**<i>p</i> < 0.001.</p><p>^a<i>p</i> = 0.09, Spearman rank correlation (two-tailed).</p><p>^bEarly postpartum assessment was made within 48 hours of delivery, and late postpartum assessment within 4–6 weeks from delivery.</p><p>Spearman rank correlations between blood oxygen level—dependent reactivity to emotional stimuli and self-reported anxiety and depression in early and late postpartum in 13 women.</p

Differences between the early and late postpartum period in blood oxygen level—dependent reactivity to emotional stimuli, N = 13.

<p>BA = Brodmann area, L = left, R = right.</p><p>^aIn Talairach stereotactic space.</p><p>^bCorrected for multiple comparisons across the search volume of the region of interest, with an extent threshold cluster size ≥ 10.</p><p>^cEarly postpartum assessment was made within 48 hours of delivery, and late postpartum assessment within 4–6 weeks from delivery.</p><p>Differences between the early and late postpartum period in blood oxygen level—dependent reactivity to emotional stimuli, N = 13.</p

Self-rated depression and anxiety and emotional paradigm performance.

<p>^a p < 0.05 in comparison with early postpartum, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test.</p><p>^b p < 0.001 in comparison with early postpartum, Mann-Whitney U test.</p><p>^c p < 0.05 in comparison with late postpartum, Mann-Whitney U test.</p><p>^dNo group by time-point interactions were note in the ANOVA.</p><p>Self-rated depression and anxiety and emotional paradigm performance.</p

Differences between postpartum women (n = 13) and naturally cycling control subjects (n = 15) in blood oxygen level—dependent reactivity to emotional stimuli.

<p>BA = Brodmann area.</p><p>^aIn Talairach stereotactic space.</p><p>^bCorrected for multiple comparisons across the search volume of the region of interest, with an extent threshold cluster size ≥ 10.</p><p>^cEarly postpartum assessment was made within 48 hours of delivery, and late postpartum assessment within 4–6 weeks from delivery.</p><p>^dThe healthy controls were randomly assigned to perform their first session in etiher the follicular or luteal phase.</p><p>Differences between postpartum women (n = 13) and naturally cycling control subjects (n = 15) in blood oxygen level—dependent reactivity to emotional stimuli.</p

Reactivity in the right inferior frontal gyrus (A, B), left middle frontal gyrus (C) and right insula (D) during emotional stimulation was more pronounced in late postpartum than in early postpartum in 13 healthy newly delivered women.

<p>Brighter colors indicate higher T-scores. Early postpartum assessment was made within 48 hours of delivery, and late postpartum assessment within 4–6 weeks from delivery.</p

Positive correlations between reactivity in IFG and insula to scores on MADRS-S, STAI-S and EPDS in women early and late postpartum.

<p>Early postpartum assessment was made within 48 hours of delivery, and late postpartum assessment within 4–6 weeks from delivery.</p