A COMPARATIVE STUDY TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF VARIABLE CONCENTRATIONS AND DIFFERENT ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION OF LIDOCAINE IN SUPPRESSING COUGH AND ON HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSE DURING EXTUBATION IN PEDIATRIC AGE GROUP: AN OBSERVATIONAL PROSPECTIVE STUDY

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of different concentrations of lidocaine (2% endotracheal [ET] spray; 10% ET spray; and 2% intravenous [IV]) in suppressing cough and on hemodynamic response during extubation in pediatric age groups; an observational prospective study. Methods: Ninety patients were enrolled for the study and divided into three groups. In Group A, patients were administered (1 mg/kg) of 2% lidocaine ET spray 5 min before extubation; in Group B, patients were administered (1 mg/kg) of 10% lidocaine ET spray 5 min before extubation; and in Group C patients were administered (1 mg/kg) 2% lidocaine IV 3 min before extubation. The three groups were compared for hemodynamic parameters, incidence of cough, breathing pattern, and need for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Results: There was significant attenuation of hemodynamic parameters and less incidence of cough and labored breathing in patient receiving either 10% ET or 2% IV lidocaine. As compared to 2% ET lidocaine, requirement of CPAP support was less in patients who received 10% lidocaine. Patients who were administered 2% IV lidocaine did not receive any CPAP support postextubation. Conclusion: As compared to 2% lidocaine spray postextubation, both 10% lidocaine spray and 2% IV lidocaine postextubation have significantly positive effect on suppression of cough and on hemodynamic parameters

Growth Pattern and Morphological Variation of Labeo calbasu Found in Indus River, Sindh-Pakistan

The present work reports the length–weight relationships (LWR) and condition factor relationships for Labeo calbasu collected from Upstream (Matyari) Kotri barrage at, River Indus, Pakistan, because stock assessment helps the fisheries managers to conserve the commercially important fish. Morphological characters of fish as well as Length-weight relationship are an important tool for fishery management. The results of LWR (W= aLb), for L calbasu.  Representing negative allometric growth pattern. LWRs and condition factor relationships were found significantly correlated. A total of 200 and 190 specimens from upstream and downstream were collected, respectively. The assessed values of length-weight correlation and condition factor were calculated as Kn=39.663 (LeCren), and K=11.915 (Fulton) for upstream and Kn=44.066 and K=13.872 for downstream. Length-weight was found with a strong correlation of n= 2.892, a=0.0235 with r2=0.934 for upstream population then the downstream population.  The results of this work would be beneficial for sustainable management as well as fishery managers.