Metabolic characterization of overweight and obese adults

Traditional evaluations of metabolic health may overlook underlying dysfunction in individuals who show no signs of insulin resistance or dyslipidemia. The purpose of this study was to characterize metabolic health in overweight and obese adults using traditional and non-traditional metabolic variables. A secondary purpose was to evaluate differences between overweight/obese and male/female cohorts, respectively

Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo

Meeting Abstracts: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo Clearwater Beach, FL, USA. 9-11 June 201

High-Fat Breakfast Meal Replacement in Overweight and Obesity: Implications on Body Composition, Metabolic Markers, and Satiety

The purpose of this paper was to determine the effect of replacing breakfast with a high-fat drink on fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), percent body fat (%BF), visceral fat (VAT), resting metabolic rate (RMR), fuel utilization (RER), blood lipids and satiety in overweight and obese adults. Healthy adults (n = 42; 21 Females; body mass index (BMI): 32.8 ± 4.6 kg·m−2) were randomized to control (CON; n = 21) or meal replacement (MRP; n = 22) groups. Body composition was measured using a four-compartment model; RMR and RER were assessed from indirect calorimetry. The MRP (70% fat) was consumed once daily for eight weeks. For males, there was no change (p > 0.05) in FM (mean difference (MD) = 0.41 ± 1.19 kg], %BF MD = 0.50 ± 1.09%, LM MD = −0.64 ± 1.79 kg, or VAT MD = −0.31 ± 1.36 cm for MRP versus CON. Similarly, no differences for females for FM MD = −0.73 ± 1.37 kg, %BF MD = −0.57 ± 1.26%, LM MD = 0.31 ± 1.37 kg, or VAT MD: −0.83 ± 1.2 cm. HDL was significantly reduced in the MRP group for females (adjusted mean change: −6.41 ± 4.44 units, p = 0.018). There was no effect on RMR or RER. Satiety increased in the afternoon for MRP (p = 0.021). Despite high fat, no negative impact on lipids resulted; increased satiety may be beneficial for controlling afternoon cravings, but does not affect body composition

FAT-FREE MASS INDEX IN NCAA DIVISION I AND II COLLEGIATE AMERICAN FOOTBALL PLAYERS

Fat-free mass index (FFMI) is a heightadjusted assessment of fat-free mass (FFM), with previous research suggesting a natural upper limit of 25 kg. m(-2) in resistance trained male athletes. The current study evaluated upper limits for FFMI in collegiate American football players (n = 235) and evaluated differences between positions, divisions, and age groups. The sample consisted of 2 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I teams (n = 78, n = 69) and 1 Division II team (n = 88). Body composition was assessed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and used to calculate FFMI; linear regression was used to normalize values to a height of 180 cm. Sixty-two participants (26.4%) had height-adjusted FFMI values above 25 kg.m(-2) (mean = 23.7 +/- 2.1 kg.m(-2); 97.5th percentile = 28.1 kg.m(-2)). Differences were observed among position groups (p < 0.001; eta(2) = 0.25), with highest values observed in offensive linemen (OL) and defensive linemen (DL) and lowest values observed in offensive and defensive backs. Fat-free mass index was higher in Division I teams than Division II team (24.3 +/- 1.8 kg.m(-2) vs. 23.4 +/- 1.8 kg.m(-2); p, 0.001; d = 0.49). Fat-free mass index did not differ between age groups. Upper limit estimations for FFMI seem to vary by position; although the 97.5th percentile (28.1 kg.m(-2)) may represent a more suitable upper limit for the college football population as a whole, this value was ex-ceeded by 6 linemen (3 OL and 3 DL), with a maximal observed value of 31.7 kg.m(-2). Football practitioners may use FFMI to evaluate an individual's capacity for additional FFM accretion, suitability for a specific position, potential for switching positions, and overall recruiting assessment