47 research outputs found
Proposition d'une méthode de développement d'ontologie pour un systÚme expert en sécurité
Depuis quelques annĂ©es, lâidĂ©e de la reprĂ©sentation des connaissances par lâontologie a Ă©mergĂ©e comme solution potentielle Ă la rĂ©solution de problĂšmes en sĂ©curitĂ© informatique, particuliĂšrement en ce qui concerne les systĂšmes experts de dĂ©tection dâanomalies et dâintrusion.
Entre autres, une proposition de son utilisation a Ă©tĂ© prĂ©sentĂ©e dans le travail de Sadighian (2015). Notre travail a consistĂ© Ă Ă©tendre le travail effectuĂ© dans cette thĂšse dans le but de concrĂ©tiser lâapproche qui y est prĂ©sentĂ©e, de maniĂšre Ă pouvoir faire une Ă©valuation concrĂšte
de son applicabilitĂ© Ă lâindustrie de la sĂ©curitĂ©. Au cours de cette entreprise, nous avons constatĂ© que les ontologies prĂ©sentĂ©es dans Sadighian (2015) Ă©taient difficiles Ă appliquer dans un contexte dâimplĂ©mentation de systĂšme expert. Pour cette raison, nous avons voulu dĂ©velopper de nouvelles ontologies plus concrĂštes Ă cette fin. Cependant, nous avons dĂ» constater quâil nâexiste pas de mĂ©thode de dĂ©veloppement dâontologies ayant cette visĂ©e. Pour cette raison, nous avons cherchĂ© quelles devraient ĂȘtre les
Ă©tapes dâune mĂ©thode permettant lâimplĂ©mentation dâun systĂšme expert centrĂ© sur lâontologie et avons dĂ©veloppĂ© ATOM (âAbstractions Translation Ontology Methodâ), une mĂ©thode en six Ă©tapes pour rĂ©pondre Ă cette question :
1. DĂ©finition des requĂȘtes de lâontologie en langage naturel
2. Traduction des requĂȘtes en SPARQL; 3. SpĂ©cification des informations brutes; 4. CrĂ©ation des Ă©tapes intermĂ©diaires;
5. Explicitation des rĂšgles de transformation; 6. Enrichissement de lâontologie; Lâapplication de cette mĂ©thode permet de produire trois artefacts permettant lâimplĂ©mentation dâun systĂšme expert : 1. Une ontologie; 2. Un diagramme de traductions; 3. Un document de spĂ©cifications----------ABSTRACT: From some time now, the idea of ontology based knowledge representation has emerged as a potential solution to resolve problems in computer security, particularly concerning anomaly and intrusion detection systems. Such a proposal was made in the work of Sadighian (2015). Our work had for initial goal to extend this proposal for it to be applied concretely in the
industry of computer security. While accomplishing this work, we noticed that the ontologies proposed by Sadighian (2015)were hard to apply in the context of an expert system implementation. For that reason, we decided to develop new ontologies for that specific use. However, we had to conclude that there is no existing method to do so. We then tried to find a sequence of steps for a method that could give the possibility of implementing an expert system and we obtained ATOM (âAbstractions Translation Ontology Methodâ), a six steps method to answer that need: 1. Natural language definition of requests; 2. Requests translation in SPARQL
3. Raw data specification; 4. Intermediary steps creation
5. Translation rules elicitation; 6. Ontology improvements
The use of this method produces three artefacts that give the possibility to implement an expert system: 1. An ontology; 2. A translation diagram; 3. A specifications document
Uncoupling between cerebral perfusion and oxygenation during incremental exercise in an athlete with postconcussion syndrome: a case report
Highâintensity exercise may pose a risk to patients with postconcussion syndrome (PCS) when symptomatic during exertion. The case of a paralympic athlete with PCS who experienced a succession of convulsionâawakening periods and reported a marked increase in postconcussion symptoms after undergoing a graded symptomâlimited aerobic exercise protocol is presented. Potential mechanisms of cerebrovascular function failure are then discussed
Process for generation of high-producing CHO cell lines for biomanufacturing of biologics using our CHOrcTA platform
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Compromised cerebrovascular regulation and cerebral oxygenation in pulmonary arterial hypertension
Background : Functional cerebrovascular regulatory mechanisms are important for maintaining constant cerebral blood flow and oxygen supply in heathy individuals and are altered in heart failure. We aim to examine whether pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is associated with abnormal cerebrovascular regulation and lower cerebral oxygenation and their physiological and clinical consequences.
Methods and Results : Resting mean flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery mean flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCAvmean); transcranial Doppler), cerebral pressureâflow relationship (assessed at rest and during squatâstand maneuvers; analyzed using transfer function analysis), cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2, and central chemoreflex were assessed in 11 patients with PAH and 11 matched healthy controls. Both groups also completed an incremental ramp exercise protocol until exhaustion, during which MCAvmean, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output (photoplethysmography), endâtidal partial pressure of CO2, and cerebral oxygenation (nearâinfrared spectroscopy) were measured. Patients were characterized by a significant decrease in resting MCAvmean (P<0.01) and higher transfer function gain at rest and during squatâstand maneuvers (both P<0.05). Cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 was reduced (P=0.03), whereas central chemoreceptor sensitivity was increased in PAH (P<0.01), the latter correlating with increased resting ventilation (R2=0.47; P<0.05) and the exercise ventilation/CO2 production slope (Embedded Image slope; R2=0.62; P<0.05) during exercise for patients. Exerciseâinduced increases in MCAvmean were limited in PAH (P<0.05). Reduced MCAvmean contributed to impaired cerebral oxygen delivery and oxygenation (both P<0.05), the latter correlating with exercise capacity in patients with PAH (R2=0.52; P=0.01).
Conclusions : These findings provide comprehensive evidence for physiologically and clinically relevant impairments in cerebral hemodynamic regulation and oxygenation in PAH
Strong Relationship Between Vascular Function in the Coronary and Brachial Arteries: A Clinical Coming of Age for the Updated Flow-Mediated Dilation Test?
Early detection of coronary artery dysfunction is of paramount cardiovascular clinical importance, but a noninvasive assessment is lacking. Indeed, the brachial artery flow-mediated dilation test only weakly correlated with acetylcholine-induced coronary artery function (r=0.36). However, brachial artery flow-mediated dilation methodologies have, over time, substantially improved. This study sought to determine if updates to this technique have improved the relationship with coronary artery function and the noninvasive indication of coronary artery dysfunction. Coronary artery and brachial artery function were assessed in 28 patients referred for cardiac catheterization (61±11 years). Coronary artery function was determined by the change in artery diameter with a 1.82 ÎŒg/min intracoronary acetylcholine infusion. Based on the change in vessel diameter, patients were characterized as having dysfunctional coronary arteries (\u3e5% vasoconstriction) or relatively functional coronary arteries (\u3c5% vasoconstriction). Brachial artery function was determined by flow-mediated dilation, adhering to current guidelines. The acetylcholine-induced change in vessel diameter was smaller in patients with dysfunctional compared with relatively functional coronary arteries (â11.8±4.6% versus 5.8±9.8%, P\u3c0.001). Consistent with this, brachial artery flow-mediated dilation was attenuated in patients with dysfunctional compared with relatively functional coronaries (2.9±1.9% versus 6.2±4.2%, P=0.007). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation was strongly correlated with the acetylcholine-induced change in coronary artery diameter (r=0.77, P\u3c0.0001) and was a strong indicator of coronary artery dysfunction (receiver operator characteristic=78%). The current data support that updates to the brachial artery flow-mediated dilation technique have strengthened the relationship with coronary artery function, which may now provide a clinically meaningful indication of coronary artery dysfunction
Assessment of Daily Life Physical Activities in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Background: In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), the six-minute walk test (6MWT) is believed to be representative of patientâs daily life physical activities (DLPA). Whether DLPA are decreased in PAH and whether the 6MWT is representative of patientâs DL PA remain unknown. Methods: 15 patients with idiopathic PAH (IPAH) and 10 patients with PAH associated with limited systemic sclerosis (PAH-SSc) were matched with 15 healthy control subjects and 10 patients with limited systemic sclerosis without PAH. Each subject completed a 6MWT. The mean number of daily steps and the mean energy expenditure and duration of physical activities.3 METs were assessed with a physical activity monitor for seven consecutive days and used as markers of DLPA. Results: The mean number of daily steps and the mean daily energy expenditure and duration of physical activities.3 METs were all reduced in PAH patients compared to their controls (all p,0.05). The mean number of daily steps correlated with the 6MWT distance for both IPAH and PAH-SSc patients (r = 0.76, p,0.01 and r = 0.85, p,0.01), respectively. Conclusion: DLPA are decreased in PAH and correlate with the 6MWT distance. Functional exercise capacity may thus be a useful surrogate of DL PA in PAH
Intolérence à l'effort en hypertension artérielle pulmonaire : implication des déterminants périphériques
Lâhypertension artĂ©rielle pulmonaire (HTAP) est une maladie caractĂ©risĂ©e par lâaugmentation progressive des rĂ©sistances vasculaires pulmonaires causant une augmentation de la pression artĂ©rielle pulmonaire qui mĂšne au dĂ©cĂšs prĂ©maturĂ© des patients. MalgrĂ© une amĂ©lioration rapide ces derniĂšres annĂ©es des traitements spĂ©cifiques, les patients souffrant dâHTAP demeurent dyspnĂ©iques et intolĂ©rants Ă lâeffort. Lâatteinte vasculaire pulmonaire est actuellement irrĂ©versible. Elle est Ă©galement la source de plusieurs anomalies au niveau des systĂšmes cardiovasculaires, ventilatoires et musculaires constituant les principaux dĂ©terminants physiologiques de la capacitĂ© Ă lâeffort des patients. Cette thĂšse a investiguĂ© diffĂ©rentes facettes de la tolĂ©rance Ă lâeffort en HTAP : les diffĂ©rents mĂ©canismes ayant un impact sur lâapport musculaire en oxygĂšne, lâaltĂ©ration des voies de signalisation cellulaire impliquĂ©es dans lâangiogenĂšse musculaire et les mĂ©canismes ayant un impact sur la rĂ©gulation du dĂ©bit sanguin et lâoxygĂ©nation cĂ©rĂ©brale en HTAP. Nous avons premiĂšrement documentĂ© une diminution de lâapport en oxygĂšne aux muscles squelettiques Ă lâeffort des patients en relation avec une diminution de la densitĂ© capillaire musculaire. Ce dĂ©faut dâangiogenĂšse corrĂ©lait dâailleurs avec la capacitĂ© Ă lâeffort des sujets. Par la suite, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© les voies de signalisations cellulaires de lâangiogenĂšse musculaire. Ces rĂ©sultats ont permis de dĂ©montrer une diminution de lâexpression de miR-126, unique aux patients HTAP, qui Ă©tait responsable de la diminution de la densitĂ© capillaire et qui contribuait Ă leur intolĂ©rance Ă lâeffort. De plus, il Ă©tait possible de moduler in vivo lâexpression de miR-126. LâexpĂ©rimentation in vivo, Ă lâaide dâun modĂšle murin dâHTAP, a permis de rĂ©tablir lâexpression de miR-126, dâaugmenter la microcirculation musculaire et dâamĂ©liorer la tolĂ©rance Ă lâeffort des animaux, ce qui met en lumiĂšre le potentiel thĂ©rapeutique de lâangiogenĂšse musculaire pour amĂ©liorer la capacitĂ© Ă lâeffort en HTAP. Notre dernier projet a dĂ©montrĂ© que les patients HTAP prĂ©sentaient une diminution de dĂ©bit sanguin cĂ©rĂ©bral. Ce projet a Ă©galement dĂ©montrĂ© que les changements de pression artĂ©rielle sont moins bien amortis par les vaisseaux cĂ©rĂ©braux des patients et que leurs vaisseaux cĂ©rĂ©braux Ă©taient moins rĂ©actifs aux changements de CO2. Les patients prĂ©sentaient aussi une augmentation de la sensibilitĂ© des chĂ©morĂ©cepteurs centraux qui contribuait Ă augmenter leur ventilation au repos, mais aussi Ă lâexercice. Finalement, Ă lâeffort, nous avons dĂ©montrĂ© que le dĂ©bit sanguin cĂ©rĂ©bral des patients HTAP Ă©tait principalement influencĂ© par la pression artĂ©rielle alors que chez les sujets sains, le dĂ©bit sanguin cĂ©rĂ©bral Ă©tait influencĂ© principalement par la PETCO2. Nous avons Ă©galement dĂ©montrĂ© que les patients HTAP prĂ©sentaient une diminution progressive de leur oxygĂ©nation cĂ©rĂ©brale, qui corrĂ©lait avec leur capacitĂ© Ă lâeffort. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus au cours de ce doctorat dĂ©montrent bien que la capacitĂ© Ă lâeffort en HTAP est aussi dĂ©terminĂ©e par plusieurs anomalies physiopathologiques pĂ©riphĂ©riques.Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance ultimately leading to patientsâ premature death. The most recent available specific therapies have considerably improved the long-term prognosis of PAH patients. However, the vast majority still displays persistent and significant exercise intolerance despite being optimally treated. Persistent and irreversible pulmonary vascular damage causes several cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular impairments, which constitute the main physiological determinants of exercise capacity. We wanted to investigate the integrative physiological mechanisms that impair exercise tolerance in PAH patients. We first documented that capillary rarefaction within skeletal muscle influences exercise tolerance and quadriceps muscle function at least partly through impaired muscle oxygen perfusion to working muscle myocytes. We then assessed that miR-126 down-regulation accounted for this reduced muscular capillarity, which contributed to PAH exercise intolerance. We showed that in vivo down-regulation of miR-126 expression in the skeletal muscle of otherwise healthy rats is associated with microcirculation impairment, and ultimately exercise intolerance, making miR-126 an attractive therapeutic target. Finally, we demonstrated that PAH patients have a lower cerebral blood flow (CBF) at rest and during exercise related to alterations in the pressure-flow relationship resulting in inadequate buffering of blood pressure changes, an increased central chemoreceptor sensibility leading to excessive ventilation and hyperventilation, an abnormal cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 contributing to lower CBF for any CO2 levels and potentially a loss in cerebral microvessels. We also demonstrated that PAH patients exhibited marked impairments in cerebral oxygenation, which correlated with their exercise capacity. Collectively, we provide evidence that CBF regulation and oxygenation is compromised in PAH patients. The results obtained throughout this doctoral training provide support to an integrative physiological comprehension of exercise intolerance in PAH. A better understanding of those mechanisms might lead to new therapeutic targets that will ultimately lead to a refinement in specific therapies and increase in exercise tolerance and quality of life of patients
Architecture réflexive pour le contrÎle de robots modulaires
National audienceDans le cadre du projet MAAM, nous développons un robot modulaire constitué d'atomes homogÚnes capables de s'auto-assembler selon différentes morphologies en fonction de la tùche à accomplir. Ceci induit la nécessité de modifier dynamiquement le programme de contrÎle réactif et réparti. Dans cet article, nous présentons la plate-forme réflexive, réactive et répartie ARM[GALS] développée pour contrÎler les atomes MAAM. ARM[GALS] intÚgre plusieurs concepts innovants : réflexion asynchrone [MAL 03], approche GALS (globalement asynchrone mais localement synchrone), cohabitation d'objets actifs et réactifs avec synchronisation par valeurs futures, et utilisation d'un « framework » délibératif/réactif provenant de la robotique intelligente. Non seulement notre approche répond bien aux besoins de MAAM, elle se généralise à une importante famille de problÚmes d'adaptation dynamique