15 research outputs found
Characterization of a set of ECN Spray A injectors : nozzle to nozzle variations and effect on spray characteristics
The Engine Combustion Network (ECN) is becoming a leading group concerning the experimental and computational analysis of Engine combustion. In order to establish a coherent database for model validation, all the institutions participating to the experimental effort carry out experiments at well-defined standard conditions (in particular at Spray A conditions: 22.8kg/m3, 900K, 0% and 15% O2) and with Diesel injectors having the same specifications. Due to the rising number of ECN participants and also to unavoidable damages, additional injectors are required. This raises the question of injector's characteristics reproducibility and of the appropriate method to introduce such new injectors in the ECN network.
In order to investigate this issue, a set of 8 new injectors with identical nominal Spray A specification were purchased and 4 of them were characterized using ECN standard diagnostics. In particular, the measurements include the nozzle hole diameter, the rate of injection, the liquid and vapor penetrations, the auto-ignition delay and the lift-off length. Variations of ambient temperature, oxygen concentration and density have also been performed.
In general the results show similar behavior to ECN standard injectors, confirming that this set of new injectors can be integrated into the pool of ECN injectors. However, discrepancies between spray characteristics were observed, although the injector specifications and the boundary conditions were sensibly the same. The sources of variations from injector to injector are analyzed in order to provide new information on the reproducibility of injectors characteristics, and improve the comparison methodology between experimental data and simulation
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HIV–host interactome revealed directly from infected cells
Although genetically compact, HIV-1 commandeers vast arrays of cellular machinery to sustain and protect it during cycles of viral outgrowth. Transposon-mediated saturation linker scanning mutagenesis was used to isolate fully replication-competent viruses harbouring a potent foreign epitope tag. Using these viral isolates, we performed differential isotopic labelling and affinity-capture mass spectrometric analyses on samples obtained from cultures of human lymphocytes to classify the vicinal interactomes of the viral Env and Vif proteins as they occur during natural infection. Importantly, interacting proteins were recovered without bias, regardless of their potential for positive, negative or neutral impact on viral replication. We identified specific host associations made with trimerized Env during its biosynthesis, at virological synapses, with innate immune effectors (such as HLA-E) and with certain cellular signalling pathways (for example, Notch1). We also defined Vif associations with host proteins involved in the control of nuclear transcription and nucleoside biosynthesis as well as those interacting stably or transiently with the cytoplasmic protein degradation apparatus. Our approach is broadly applicable to elucidating pathogen–host interactomes, providing high-certainty identification of interactors by their direct access during cycling infection. Understanding the pathophysiological consequences of these associations is likely to provide strategic targets for antiviral intervention