Child Schooling and Child Work in India

In India, about 62 percent of the children in the age group of 5-14 are currently enrolled in schools, and 4 percent of children are reported to be working. The remaining 34 percent of children in this age group are neither enrolled in school nor reported as participating in work. The twin problems of child schooling and child work in India have not been adequately addressed in the literature. Another important dimension to this problem is the gender disparity in school enrollment. Available data indicate that the enrollment rate of girls is 12 percent below that of boys. This paper investigates the determinants of schooling and work participation of boys and girls using a large scale national level survey data, 1994, of the NCAER. The main contribution of this paper lies in integrating the child schooling and work participation decisions and bringing the third category of children referred to as the 'invisible' children into the rigorous econometric analysis. The widely used household demand model is applied in this study to analyze the family's decisions concerning the schooling and work participation of their children. These decisions are formulated in a dichotomous and a trichotomous choice framework and empirically estimated using maximum likelihood probit and multinomial logit methods. The likelihood ratio test suggests that the trichotomous model is the preferred formulation of the family's decisions on children's schooling and work participation. The empirical estimates based on both the models point to certain interesting findings. Parental education, and family income significantly increase the probability of children's school attendance and reduce the likelihood of children participating in work. Mother's education exerts a much stronger effect of increasing school enrollment and reducing child labor. Availability of middle schools within the village increases the school attendance and reduces child labor. The estimates of the gender specific differences in the determinants of schooling and work participation of children suggest that maternal education increases more the likelihood of a girl child's school enrollment than boys and also reduces more the work participation of girls over boys.

Demand for Foreign Exchange Reserves in India: A Co-integration Approach

Using cointegraion and vector error correction approach, we estimate India’s demand for foreign exchange reserves over the period 1983:1-2005:1. Our results establish that the ratio imports to GDP, the ratio of broad money to GDP,exchange rate flexibility and interest rate differential determine India’s long-run reserves demand function. Our empirical results show that reserve accumulation in India is highly sensitive to capital account vulnerability and less sensitive to its opportunity cost. The speed of adjustment coefficient of vector error correction model suggests that Reserve Bank of India has to engage in more active reserve management practices.foreign exchange reserves; capital account vulnerability; current account vulnerability; cointegration

2-Amino-4,6-dimethyl­pyrimidin-1-ium 2,3,5-triiodo­benzoate 2,3,5-triiodo­benzoic acid monosolvate

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C6H10N3 +·C7H2I3O2 −·C7H3I3O2, two R 2 2(8) motifs are observed. One is generated by the inter­action of the 2-amino-4,6-dimethyl­pyrimidin-1-ium cation with the carboxyl­ate group of the 2,3,5-triiodo­benzoate anion via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The other R 2 2(8) motif is formed by the inter­action of two centrosymmentrically related pyrimidine moieties through N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. The two motifs combine to form a linear heterotetra­meric unit. Heterotetra­meric units are linked by a carbox­yl–carboxyl­ate O—H⋯O hydrogen bond (involving the O—H group of neutral 2,3,5-triiodo­benzoic acid and an O atom of the anion), forming a supra­molecular chain along the a axis. In addition, components are held by weak I⋯O interactions in the range 3.023 (5) to 3.382 (5) Å and I⋯I inter­actions in the range 3.6327 (7) to 4.0025 (8) Å