Design of a Scan Chain for Side Channel Attacks on AES Cryptosystem for Improved Security

Scan chain-based attacks are side-channel attacks focusing on one of the most significant features of hardware test circuitry. A technique called Design for Testability (DfT) involves integrating certain testability components into a hardware design. However, this creates a side channel for cryptanalysis, providing crypto devices vulnerable to scan-based attacks. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) has been proven as the most powerful and secure symmetric encryption algorithm announced by USA Government and it outperforms all other existing cryptographic algorithms. Furthermore, the on-chip implementation of private key algorithms like AES has faced scan-based side-channel attacks. With the aim of protecting the data for secure communication, a new hybrid pipelined AES algorithm with enhanced security features is implemented. This paper proposes testing an AES core with unpredictable response compaction and bit level-masking throughout the scan chain process. A bit-level scan flipflop focused on masking as a scan protection solution for secure testing. The experimental results show that the best security is provided by the randomized addition of masked scan flipflop through the scan chain and also provides minimal design difficulty and power expansion overhead with some negligible delay measures. Thus, the proposed technique outperforms the state-of-the-art LUT-based S-box and the composite sub-byte transformation model regarding throughput rate 2 times and 15 times respectively. And security measured in the avalanche effect for the sub-pipelined model has been increased up to 95 per cent with reduced computational complexity. Also, the proposed sub-pipelined S-box utilizing a composite field arithmetic scheme achieves 7 per cent area effectiveness and 2.5 times the hardware complexity compared to the LUT-based model

Serum Leptin Level and Its Association with Blood Pressure, Body Mass Index, Waist Hip Ratio and Waist Height Ratio

BACKGROUND: Leptin is a product of Ob gene secreted from adipose tissue. It is a key neuroendocrine hormone regulating food intake, metabolism, and fat accumulation, and it may also affect blood pressure and contribute to hypertension through sympathetic activation in the vasculature or at the renal level. Hyperleptinemia also seen in obesity, which is a major comorbid condition of hypertension. AIM OF THE STUDY: To study the relationship between serum leptin level and Blood pressure in association with Age, Gender, Body mass index, Waist hip ratio and Waist height ratio. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study group : 48 hypertensive patients (26 males, 22 females) in the age group of 35-75 years. Control group include 42 normotensive persons (22 males, 20 females) in the same age group. After recording the history, clinical examination and blood pressure, weight (in Kg), height (in cms) waist circumference (in cms) and hip circumference (in cms) were measured. BMI, waist hip ratio and waist height ratio were calculated. Blood sample was collected under strict aseptic precaution after overnight fasting and then centrifuged to collect the serum. Serum leptin level was estimated by using KAP 2281 Human leptin ELISA kit. The values were statistically analyzed by chi square tests and student ‘t’ test. RESULT: In the present study, serum leptin level was significantly increased with the p value of < 0.0001 in hypertensive patients (8.15 ± 2.68) when compared to normotensive persons (1.74 ± 1.04). And also it was found that serum leptin level positively correlated with systolic blood pressure (P < 0.0268), age (P< 0. 0001), BMI (P <0.0467), waist hip ratio (P<0.0001) and waist height ratio (P <0.0001). CONCLUSION: From this study it was concluded that, there is a strong positive correlation between serum leptin level and high blood pressure, age, body mass index, waist hip ratio and waist height ratio

A Stochastic Model for Mean Time to Seroconversion of HIV Transmission with Change of Threshold Under Correlated Intercontact Times

This paper focuses on the study of a stochastic model for predicting seroconvesion time of HIV transmission with change of threshold under correlated intercontact times. The antigenic diversity threshold is an important aspect of consideration in the studies relating to HIV infection.  Successive sexual contacts are the mode of transmission of HIV would result in acquiring more of HIV which contribute to the antigenic diversity of the antigen. As and when the cumulative antigenic diversity contributed due to successive contacts crosses the antigenic diversity threshold, seroconversion takes place. In developing this model the result of Gurland (1955) has been used. The mean time to seroconversion and its variance are derived and the numerical illustrations are provided

Residual Resource Defragmentation Based on ECRC (Enhanced Cloud Resource Consolidating)

Abstract In cloud computing, server consolidation is the part where very few persons go through the same. By consolidating the unused server space, memory can be reused for another data allocation. The objective of this paper is to improve resource utilization. Residual resource fragmentation refers to the state of the data center where sufficient amount of residual resources are available for any new VM allocation. To achieve this, there are three methods followed here. Active physical servers are identified. Then the maximum utilization of the resources is found out. Finally the resources are allocated and scheduled using the developed algorithm. In this work, we have proposed a new algorithm enhanced cloud consolidating algorithm. This algorithm improves some of the qualities of the cloud consolidating algorithm. Here the allocation technique is based on the cost and the memory

Synthesis of an ordered mesoporous carbon with graphitic characteristics and its application for dye adsorption

An ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) was prepared by a chemical vapor deposition technique using liquid petroleum gas (LPG) as the carbon source. During synthesis, LPG was effectively adsorbed in the ordered mesopores of SBA-15 silica and converted to a graphitic carbon at 800 °C. X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption/desorption data and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) of the OMC confirmed its ordered mesoporous structure. The OMC was utilized as an adsorbent in the removal of dyes from aqueous solution. A commercial powder activated carbon (AC) was also investigated to obtain comparative data. The efficiency of the OMC for dye adsorption was tested using acidic dye acid orange 8 (AO8) and basic dyes methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB). The results show that adsorption was affected by the molecular size of the dye, the textural properties of carbon adsorbent and surface-dye interactions. The adsorption capacities of the OMC for acid orange 8 (AO8), methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB) were determined to be 222, 833, and 233 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption capacities of the AC for AO8, MB, and RB were determined to be 141, 313, and 185 mg/ g, respectively. The OMC demonstrated to be an excellent adsorbent for the removal of MB from wastewater.Web of Scienc

A study on alpha-chi*-â„‹-Ri ( i = 0, 1 ) spaces via alpha- â„‹- operators

In this article the concepts of m-a-open sets, a-â„‹-open sets, ð›½-â„‹-open sets and b-â„‹-open sets are studied with necessary examples. Also some characterizations of a-â„‹-continuous and a-â„‹-open functions are discussed. Some properties of a-â„‹-open sets are discussed

A qualitative study of perceptions of determinants of disease burden among young patients with type 1 diabetes and their parents in South India

Henk Verloo,1 Mohan Meenakumari,2 Elizabeth Jean Abraham,3 Gnanam Malarvizhi3 1Department Nursing Sciences, University of Applied Nursing Sciences, La Source, Lausanne, Switzerland; 2Kurinji Hospital, 3PSG College of Nursing, PSG Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Background: Diabetes is a leading threat to public health in India. A huge prevalence of type 1 diabetes among young patients is documented in literature; India is one of the countries with the highest number of new cases per year (10,900), of which 3&ndash;4 million face poverty along with diabetes. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of determinants of the disease burden among young patients with type 1 diabetes and their parents. Methods: In June 2014, perceptions were collected from eleven young patients and five available parents using the critical incident technique. Results: Disease burdens associated with the management of type 1 diabetes can vary significantly according to the different social and economic determinants facing each household. Determinants associated with good practices in the management of childhood type 1 diabetes included socioeconomic status, unawareness of health complications, and beliefs about nutrition. Coping strategies applied via lifestyle changes included monitoring glycemia and regular checkups by diabetologists. A general lack of awareness about type 1 diabetes in Indian society, stigmatization, and limited access and systematic barriers to the delivery of optimal health care were all perceived to be factors hindering the successful management of chronic type 1 diabetes by young patients and their parents. Conclusion: Stigmatization, a lack of therapeutic adherence, and the financial strains placed on families, particularly on poor ones, are critical. More emphasis must be put on the prevention of acute and long-term complications and education. Keywords: adolescents, adherence, critical incidence technique, India, parents, positive experiences, negative experiences, type 1 diabetes, childre