Analysis of RC Deep Beams Considering the Shear Deformations and Bar-concrete Interaction

In this paper, reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams (DBs) have been analyzed numerically and a new approach is proposed to the nonlinear numerical modeling of such structural members. The effect of shear deformations and the interaction between reinforcing steel bar and concrete are considered in modeling and analysis. In order to consider the effect of shear deformations, the Timoshenko beam theory has been applied to formulate the analysis method. In the modeling, the RC DB is divided into several sub-elements which are composed of concrete and reinforcing steel bars. Individual degrees of freedom have been assigned to each reinforcing steel bar. Thus, each reinforcing steel bar is able to slip relative to its surrounding concrete and the bond effect is simulated by nonlinear springs. To consider the interaction between reinforcing steel bar and concrete, the concrete segment acts as a beam element, and each reinforcing steel bar acts as a truss element. The reliability of this method has been confirmed by comparing the obtained results from the numerical analysis and the results of the experimental pushover test

A large population‐based study on the prevalence of electrocardiographic abnormalities: A result of Mashhad stroke and heart atherosclerotic disorder cohort study

Abstract Background Twelve‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is a common and inexpensive tool for the diagnostic workup of patients with suspected cardiovascular disease, both in clinical and epidemiological settings. The present study was designed to evaluate ECG abnormalities in Mashhad population. Methods ECGs were taken as part of MASHAD cohort study (phase1) and were coded according to the Minnesota coding criteria. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results Total 9035 ECGs were available for final analysis including 3615 (40.0%) male and 5420 (60.0%) female. Among ECG abnormalities precordial Q wave, major T‐wave abnormalities, inferior Q wave, sinus bradycardia, and left axis deviation were the most prevalent abnormalities. The frequency of precordial and inferior Q wave, inferior QS pattern, major and minor ST abnormalities, major and minor T abnormalities, Wolff‐Parkinson‐White and Brugada pattern, sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, left axis deviation, ST elevation, and tall T wave were significantly different between two genders. Moreover, the frequency of Q wave in precordial and aVL leads, QS pattern in precordial and inferior leads, major and minor T‐wave abnormalities, Wolff‐Parkinson‐White, atrial fibrillation, sinus bradycardia, left axis deviation, and ST elevation were significantly different in different age groups. A comparison of the heart rate, P‐wave duration, and QRS duration between men and women indicated that there was a significant difference. Conclusions Our finding indicated that the prevalence ECG abnormalities are different between men and women and also it varied in different age groups