Study of Face and Content Validity of the Persian Version of Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Preschool Version

Objective Executive functions are referred to higher and self-tuning cognitive processes that help managing behaviors and thought controls. Executive functions in children are assessed in different ways. The most prestigious and valuable way is using daily functions reports on a child's natural environment. This study aimed to prepare the Persian version of behavior rating inventory of executive function-preschool (BRIFF-P) and study of its face and content validity among Iranian children. The questionnaire completed by parents of 2-5 years old children. Materials & Methods This study has methodological and psychometric design. We studied the Persian version of tests using standard protocols IQOLA and determined its validity. This protocol includes translation, evaluation of translation quality, backward translation, and comparing the English version with its Persian one. Face validity was determined by 20 samples (parent) and the impact score was measured. Content validity index (CVI) and ratio of the content validity (CVR) was determined by asking the opinions of 15 experts. Moreover, the simplicity, relevance, and transparency of each item was evaluated. Results Based on the simplicity and clarity of questionnaire items, over 80% agreement of the sample group indicated the simplicity and clarity of the items. also the difficult and complex items were discussed among experts in several sessions and as a result the simpler and clearer concepts took the place of difficult and ambiguous items. Then, the score of proportion index effect and relation of items for each of 63 items of questionnaire was calculated. the results showed that all items of questionnaire were simple and clear, also all items except 7 achieved impact score of higher than 1.5. To evaluate the content validity of the questionnaire, we used ratio of content validity and index calculation. Content validity showed that almost all items of the questionnaire achieved CVI score of higher than 0.79 (The lowest score was 0.8 and highest one was 1); however, as regards the index of relatedness, 3 items got scores lower than 0.79 The scores of the content validity ratio were more than 0.49, except the fifth item. Conclusion The Persian version of this questionnaire possesses a good match in terms of cultural and face validity. The results of content validity confirms that the Persian version is clear, simple, and understandable for the target society. However, 7 items of the questionnaire got scores lower than 1.5. of course, as in this study, the parents of normal children were investigated, the importance of these items in evaluation of abnormal children must be considered, because in many abnormal growth development of children (like attention deficit/hyperactivity, autism) such behaviors are clearly considered problematic. Therefore, the importance of these items are seen in final questionnaire and in spite of low score of 1.5 of some items, in the sample group (normal children), these items were kept and inserted in the final questionnaire. The results of content validity were also indicative of different cultural assumptions from some items of this questionnaire. We suggest that in future studies, the content validity of the Persian version was estimted with regard to opinions of parents of abnormal children with growth development problems and then the results were compared. We also suggest examining the other kinds of reliability and validity of this test

The Correlation of Cognitive Status and Activities of Daily Living Performance in Right-Handed Stroke Clients

Objective: It is so important to evaluate the effects of symptoms caused by stroke on activities of daily living. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation of cognitive status and independence in activities of daily living (ADL) after stroke. Materials & Methods: This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was done on 25 stroke clients whom were selected from 3 hospitals and one rehabilitation centre by simple sampling method and from available society according to inclusion criterias and assessed through Barthel index (independence index) and LOTCA (cognitive assessment). Then the correlation of cognitive and activities of daily living performance was determined by correlation and regression statistical analysis. Results: No relation was found between general cognitive function (total score of LOTCA) and individual independence (total score of BI) (P=0.087). Although some areas from LOTCA were correlated to Barthel index. Conclusion: Although the lake of correlation between BI and LOTCA to some extent is caused by low intensity of cognitive impairment in sample size. It suggests that, BI just proceeds to independency in ADL. It has no emphasize on activity analysis. Therefore it is needed to use ADL assessments which stress on activity analysis for evaluating ADL performance in stroke patients

Students� Psychometric Properties of a Scale Measuring Attitudes toward People with Disabilities

Background & Objectives: People with disabilities are increasing in the world; so recognizing attitude of the society about disability is necessary. Since this attitude is important, having appropriate tools for its measuring is essential. This study was aimed to investigate psychometric properties of a measuring scale of attitudes toward people with disabilities. Materials & Methods: This is a non-experimental study, in which scale of attitudes toward people with disabilities (ATDP) was translated, equivalent and normalized. Data collection tool was ATDP Scale. English version of the questionnaire in two stages was translated in Persian by three translators whose native language was Persian and they had experience and proficiency in the English translation, then translated back. Scale reliability was investigated test- the test within three weeks. ICC and SEM indices were used for evaluating the relative and absolute repeatability and Cronbach's alpha was used for coefficient to evaluate reproducibility of scale scores. For content validity, qualitative method of content validity was used. The translated text was sent to ten experts and their comments were taken. Results: The results showed that the translators were agreed in the overall quality of the translation (90), in the same concept (93.3), in the transparency (96.7) and in the common language translator (96.7). All scales of the questionnaire were showed good stability (Cronbach= 0.85, Icc= 0.75 and r= 0.70). Conclusion: The study showed that the Persian version of the ATDP scale has reliability and validity for measuring attitudes toward people with disabilities in society.